Evolution Alongside Creationism School

Engwr300 Online Essay #2 10/21/2012 Evolution alongside Creationism School In the essay â€Å"Why Evolution should be taught in public school† by Laura Kahn. According to Kahn, we need to educate the next generation of scientists on understanding how microbes develop and change to give them the tools to develop treatment against antibiotic resistant bacteria emerging viruses, and other deadly microbes. As she learned from her time in medicine, she recognizes the necessity of learning evolution to develop treatments in this rapid microbial environment.Unfortunately, certain aspects of society insist that religious doctrine be taught instead of evolution. According to a 2005 Harris poll, a majority of U. S citizens believe in creationism. Another survey show that two-thirds of U. S citizen believe creationism should be taught alongside evolution. Mrs. Kahn believed if we fail to teach science in public schools we would become scientifically illiterate. Therefore, we need to rema in vigilant that our children receive a good science education to further enhance human understanding, and a good science education includes learning about evolution.In the nineteenth century, during the â€Å"Spontaneous generation† scientists and physicians were unprepared in developing strategies against infectious killing diseases. Until French chemist Louis Pasteur convince the world that invisible microbes caused disease, which disprove and replace the spontaneous generation with the germ theory of disease Pasteur theory, suggested that life could develop from nonliving organic matter.Pasteur study fermentation and spontaneous generation in 1859, he discovered a link between microbes, fermentation, and putrefaction, and diseases, however, convincing the scientist and medical profession to accept the idea was a challenge. Kahn example of â€Å"spontaneous generation shows what could happen if children are not educated about evolution, future generation wouldn’t b e able to understand little details about germs and how they work. Further Laura H. Kahn shows the difference between creationism and evolution.She says that creationism is the belief that God created the heavens and the earth, and all living beings. Charles Darwin’s â€Å"theory of evolution† is controversy of creationism because it undermines religious doctrine. Proponents of creationism say that it is a scientific theory. They state that creationism is an alternative scientific theory to evolution. People who believe in creationism can’t prove existence of God and not even people who believe in evolution can prove that there’s no God.The first public disputation on creationism versus evolution was in1860 between Thomas Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce. In 1925, Tennessee passed the Butler Act that interdicted to teach evolution in public schools. The ACLU chose to protect any teacher who violated the act. There was one teacher named John Scopes, he discussed evolution with his biology class at the Rhea County High School. He was sued for it and was convicted and fined for a hundred dollars. But in 1927, John Scopes was justified and also Tennessee abolished the Butler Act.Germ theory of disease helps us to understand the causes of infectious disease and evolution helps us to understand the development of antimicrobial stability. Kahn thinks that â€Å"we need to remain vigilant that our children receive a good science education to further enhance human understanding. And a good science education includes learning about evolution. † Concurrently with the time of Pasteur, the director of the Museum of Natural History, Felix-Archimede Pouchet claimed he had product spontaneous generation, but Pasteur work on fermentation conceived him otherwise.So, he decided to disprove Pouchet’s claim with his experiment to show that different concentrations of microbes existed depending on the location and elevation. Pouchet tri ed duplicating Pasteur’s result but failed, so Pasteur demanded that the experiment be repeated by a commission appointed by the Academy of Science and that the experiment be conducted in a laboratory in the museum of Natural History. After the experiment, the academy later issued an official announcement that Pasteur had successfully disproved spontaneous generation. Yet, spontaneous generation proponents in other countries still attack his findings.Until, German physician Robert Koch proved that bacterial is the causes of a number of infectious diseases finally putting spontaneous generation to rest. For the longest time in history, people understood the nature of epidemics and to develop effective preventive and control strategies against infectious diseases. Kahn also agrees creationism verse evolution. â€Å"Creationism† is the belief that a deity created the heavens, earth, and all its living creatures. Although, many civilizations have creation stories rooted in religious belief. Unlike spontaneous generation that is based on observation.Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was develop after collecting extensive data while on a five year, round the world journey aboard; Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation based on scientific theory on observation. Proponents of creationism propose creationism is an alternative scientific to evolution, yet they don’t provide scientific evidence for the existence of an intelligent deity. Instead they cite gaps in evolutionary theory. She asks the question, how would someone prove by observation and experimentation the existence of a deity or how would someone disprove evolution?She explained there’s extensive evidence in the fossil record in genetic code, and in rapidly evolving microbes, and experimental results of thousands of years of human genetic manipulation through selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals. Kahn makes a very valid point in defense of evolution, sh e writes a well put together argument, and she supports the evidence for the existence of evolution, but expects the same from the creationists. Kahn enables readers to think clearly about the effectiveness of creationism and evolution.However, acquiring the permission to teach evolution remains a problematic issue since teaching evolution is prohibited as it is against the beliefs of many people. Which I don’t understand, I believe it show be up to the teacher to decide when lecturing about creationism because evolution can easier be link with creationism in school for a better understand with the children and they could think about new information for themselves whether he or she agree or disagree, but I think completely avoiding the topic can be harmful in the future for health reasons.Finally, Kahn’s main point I believe is to inform the readers about the evolutionary education, and not to eliminate creationism from school, her goal is to ensure that evolution be c onsidered important as it will direct our future generation. Just how Pasteur and Darwin, she hopes someone will do same for evolution. Kahn provides valid facts with actual evidences to help guide her readers in learning the importance of teaching evolution in public schools.

A Literature Review of Transformational Leadership “Organization Climate †Employee Performance” Essay

Abstract The literature review attempts to examine transformational leadership impact addressing organizational change and performance. Based on the concept and theory do the attributes and skills provide the tools for leaders to motivate and influence follower’s verses the traditional leading through power and authority. The history of transformational leadership style has now been tested and defined for over thirty years. The literature review sampling crosses many organizations from the non for profit, governmental, private business, paramilitary, corporations and healthcare. Furthermore, the difference in style from transactional leadership (situational leading) to transformational leadership, along with addressing the cultural and climate of the organizations which challenge leaders to find a method to motivate and inspire their followers. As the leaders navigate the changing landscape within the organization what characteristics and traits are parts of the make-up a good and effe ctive leader. The paper will conclude that the research and review of the literature supports transformational leadership will motivate, inspire and create an innovative environment to meet today’s organization and employee trust to follow their leader. As the topic of leadership begins with many studies and opinions on what type of leadership motivates and inspires an organization and its employees working towards a common goal for the betterment of each other which generally points to transformational leadership. Therefore, the search and review of numerous articles and studies confirms that transformational leadership has an edge as a successful leadership style and concept to meet the challenges addressing morale and performance. Furthermore, transactional leadership has a psychological component through its approach developing relationships as a key factor instead of leading by authority and power  while responding to the situation. Before moving on to the literature review and findings I found an interesting article titled â€Å"Traits of leadership† (Jerabek, S., & Day, J., Danny. (2009) to focus on what is a good leader and â€Å"For this article, the authors qualify a good leader as one who can effectively lead a group of individuals with a specific goal. The personality of the leader, coupled with an ability to accomplish the mission, prove critical for success of the organization. Leaders also have personality characteristics that promote and develop others, such as overall awareness, empowerment of others, and personal integrity. The lack or overabundance of a leader’s characteristics can affect any organization. Leaders exhibit various styles of leadership that mature and change throughout their careers.† ( FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 78(11), pg.20.) As the review approaches to address the question many organizations do not understand management verses leadership I thought this article provided a good foundation on what is a good leader which assisted with focusing on the topic of transformational leadership. So what is transformational leadership which began as transforming leadership within the political area in 1978 by James Macgregor Burns through his research on political leaders? â€Å"The initial concept of transformational leadership was provided by Burns in his research about political leaders. According to Burns, transformational leadership is a process in which leaders and followers promote each other to higher levels of morality and motivation. Transformational leaders help their followers to look at old problems via a new perspective. They stimulate their followers to attempt higher than usual levels. Transformational leaders inspire their followers to think more than their own aims and interests and to focus on greater team, organizational, national and global objectives. By providing future perspective, such leaders influence over their followers in a manner that they assume that perspective as their own aim and show high efforts to achieve it. These leaders are able to move the organization toward the ideal perspective by coordinating the employees and integrating all system components [1].† (Jandaghi, G., Matin, H. Z., & Farjami, A.) (2009). The research began in 1978 and in 1985 Bernard M. Bass extended Burns work  and focused on the psychological aspect of transformational leadership as it inspire and motivated followers. As the researched evolved into the nineties the impact on organizational culture and innovation was being examined. Since this type of leadership concept was more people oriented and relationship building within the organization the question about performance and success was beginning to be studies in the 2000’s. Furthermore, what is the impact to the changing culture within organizations relating to innovation and the rapid changes in technology, globalization and the high demand for new products and services? â€Å"As it is obvious from the term associated with this type of leadership, transformational leaders, look doe transforming and changing, which is necessary for innovation. Although leadership is an important factor in the life of every organization, â€Å"yet few studies have empirically examined the link between this factor and innovation at the organizational level (Jung et al., 2003:p.525)†. (Mokhber, M., Ismail, W. K. b. W., & Vakilbashi, A.) (2011) Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 5(6), p.504). Does this type of leadership style favor any gender type since the concept has more of the softer approach to leadership verses the hard line authoritarian and power type approach? There was one reference in the research which referred to a phenomenon termed the glass cliff where the woman’s attributes are a better fit during an organizational crisis such as poor performance. So a lesson learned as part of this research about gender still focuses on characteristics, attributes and corporate stereotyping type of bias. However, if this information is carried forward beyond the stereotype corporate male dominate leaders these research findings could validate why transformational leadership style works best during a crisis because of the female attribute of relationship building. As part of this review it is important to look at this type of research of gender differences and their psychological phenomenon of transformational leadership. There is something to learn from the glass cliff research of (Bruckmà ¼ller, S., & Branscombe, N. R.) (2010) as stated, â€Å"If men have maneuvered the organization into trouble, appointing a female leader will appear as one way to achieve the transformation needed to turn things around (see Ryan & Haslam, 2007 for a related discussion). (British Journal of  Social Psychology, 49(3), p. 435). One word of importance within the above sentence which is transformation indicates the value of glass cliff research not because of the bias or gender issue but the attributes to be successful during an organizational crisis which mirrors one of the attributes needed to be an effective transformational leader†¦a small validation. The review discussed many issues as they relate to organizational challenges and the impact of leadership styles when motivating and inspiring followers to perform, become innovative and improve climate within the organization or group. As discussed during the research from 1978 to 2012 the change in the workplace and employee expectations from their employer or the leaders. How transformation is delivered was addressed and the factors which are identified with lower morale and reduce performance. (Bunker, K., Wakefield, M., Jaehnigen, O., & Stefl, B.) (2006). â€Å"Change initiatives typically derail because the ball is dropped on the people side. Perfectly good strategies and change initiatives stall or fail when employees become stuck in some phase of the emotional transition. Leaders who fail to connect around these natural emotions generally struggle to gain sufficient buy-in from employees and thereby undermine their progress toward new goals. Instead of a loyal, productive, a nd enthusiastic workforce, executives and managers end up leading employees who are insecure, fearful, and skeptical. (Transformation delivered. T+d, 60(3), p.26.) The movement within organizational change to recruit and retain good talent was and added benefit identified with effective leaders and as stated to be an effective leader your followers need to be motivated and inspired. So this was another positive component the research found why transformational leadership is part of performance of an organization and its employees. (Bunker, k. et al.) â€Å"For leaders to effectively harness and maintain the talent and commitment needed to benefit from organizational change, they must: Examine their behaviors and emotions tied to change and transition. This begins the process of operating from a place of authenticity as a leader. Establish and protect trust. Without trust and honesty, authenticity and credibility suffer, which undermines solid change initiatives or management decisions. Find a balance between structural leadership and  people leadership. By learning the important competencies for leading in times of change and transition, lea ders have a new perspective from which to operate. (Transformation delivered. T+d, 60(3), p. 30). This article is an overview of the transition plan to transform the United States Postal Service which began in 2002. Each study relating to organizational change and leadership concept supports the transformational leadership style. As stated within this article transformational leadership. .(Jandaghi, G., Matin, H. Z., & Farjami, A.) (2009). â€Å"The effective role of managers and leaders in radical changes and transformations is unavoidable in the organizations. Leadership and management are not identical. To influence over others, management is depended on formal power while leadership is resulted from a social influence process. Leaders make cultures and their fundamental role is affecting others. In other words, transformational leaders try to make changes that increase organizational efficacy and performance. These are changes that cause higher aim and expectations to the organization. (Comparing transformational leadership in successful and unsuccessful companies. International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), p. 212). Furthermore, does this concept and theory carry over to multi-agency and crisis management which is more traditionally authoritative management style however, there is a movement of change in leadership style called Interwoven Leadership which combines features such as task skills, interpersonal skills, stakeholder awareness and personal qualities of commanders and their teams. This type of leadership has some of the same attributes as transformational leadership when referring to interpersonal skills. (Borodzicz, E & Devitt, K) â€Å"For an interwoven method to be embedded effectively, it must be supported by the wider organizational culture in normality and incorporated into organizational training at many levels. This may raise challenges of ethos as well as practicality. As with all cultural shifts, these value changes take a long time to truly embed within an organization, and some Gold leaders may continue to be wedded to the ‘hard skill’ approaches that may have served them well in their careers. (Interwoven leadership: The missing link in multi-agency major incident  response. Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 16(4), p. 214) In addition, the following comment supports the research defining leadership moving towards the need for interpersonal skills to be an effective leader. (Jandaghi, G., et. al.) (2009) â€Å"The effective role of managers and leaders in radical changes and transformations is unavoidable in the organizations. Leadership and management are not identical. To influence over others, management is depended on formal power while leadership is resulted from a social influence process. Leaders make cultures and their fundamental role is affecting others. In other words, transformational leaders try to make changes that increase organizational efficacy and performance. These are changes that cause higher aim and expectations to the organization. (International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), p. 211) Now another factor was discovered in the research of the literature which one was the impact of the baby-boomer retirement phase which might leave a deficiency in the leadership roles. However, the research showed more optimism to this concern and myth. (Johnson, J.) (Spring 2009) â€Å"Among the concerns over baby boom retirements is that of a workforce leadership drain. The age demographics of CEOs presented here, based on census data, suggest that a leadership deï ¬ cit in the nonproï ¬ t sector may not be as imminent as in the government sector but that it looms closer than in the for-proï ¬ t sector. (Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 19(3), p. 300) Wisdom is an unique attribute identified in the review of literature titled Developing You. (McCullough, C.) (2007). â€Å"Wisdom. As Jim Collins’s research demonstrates, Level 5 leaders have this very deep inner perspective. Wisdom is not developed via a checklist. It is developed over the reflective journey of a lifetime. (Developing You, p. 67) This supports the research which highlights most transformational leaders have more experience to truly be effective and develop trust from the follower’s overtime. The research did address the difference of transactional leaders and transformational leaders and the discussion was obvious in today’s challenging times the transformational leader is the right fit â€Å"According to Fulwiler, there are transactional leaders and transformational leaders. Transactional leaders  operate in command-and-control mode. They focus on costs and financial goals, and have a quid pro quo relationship with workers. â€Å"This will get you average,† Fulwiler added. On the other hand, transformational leaders operate in a collaborative mode. They lead by example, encourage employee involvement and team building, and genuinely care about worker Wellness. â€Å"This is the key to productivity and high-performance work systems,† Fulwiler said. â€Å"This leads to above-average outcomes.† (The Power of Transformational Leadership) (2013), Professional Safety, 58(1), 19-19.) Another factor addressed in the literature was the relationship of training and development to transformational leadership and the research displayed a positive outcome as stated, â€Å"The results have important implications for those aiming to implement organizational-level interventions to improve employee well-being. Although cross-sectional, our study raises the possibility that training leaders to exhibit certain behaviors might also change working conditions of subordinates. Rather than implementing wide-ranging organizational changes for a large number of employees, these results suggest that training their superiors might have a similar impact (e.g. training managers in transformational leadership behaviors might bring about involved followers who perceive their jobs as meaningful and experience high levels of inï ¬â€šuence). Training staff at managerial levels might prove to be both more cost-effective and easy to control than implementing wide-ranging organizational changes. (Nielson, et al., Journal of Advanced Nursing, 63(5), p. 473 ) Another viewpoint which supports training transformational leaders will improve performance as stated,. â€Å"Speciï ¬ cally, the ï ¬ nding that transformational leadership was positively associated with relational identiï ¬ cation with the supervisor, which, in turn, was related to self-efï ¬ cacy, and consequently performance, suggests training leaders to be more transformational may provide important and useful returns on investment in terms of follower development. Such training initiatives have been shown to be related to increased levels of commitment, motivation, satisfaction, and performance among followers (Barling, Weber, & Kelloway, 1996; Dvir et al., 2002). (Walumbwa, F.O. & Hartwell, C. A., Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 84(1), p. 167) Furthermore, this research which was stated in the above article confirmed  the research relating to the 1985 (Bass) theory that transformational leadership does have an impact on performance. Moreover, it is supported by the following information and research. (Zhu, W., Sosik, J. J., Riggio, R. E., & Yang, B). (2012). â€Å"As indicated by several researchers (e.g., Bass & Riggio, 2006; Sosik & Jung, 2010), empowerment is a crucial process that defines transformational leadership and illustrates why it is effective in building follower organizational identification and performance. Followers’ identification with the organization may be extremely important for their work attitudes, such as organizational commitment, and for other work performance measures, associated with excellence in the contemporary global marketplace. (Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 13(3), p. 208) Conclusion: Supported by research, theory and sampling of managers, leaders, employees and stakeholders relating to organizational change, performance and leadership the conclusion is transformational leadership style or concept has the skills and attributes to motivate and inspire followers. Therefore, the organizational climate is conducive to innovation and healthy work environment to address the ever changing workplace while improving organization’s capacities to compete in the challenging business environment. References Bruckmà ¼ller, S., & Branscombe, N. R. (2010). The glass cliff: When and why women are selected as leaders in crisis contexts. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(3), 433-451. doi: 10. 1348/0 14466609X466594 Bunker, K., Wakefield, M., Jaehnigen, O., & Stefl, B. (2006). Transformation delivered. T+d, 60(3), 26-30. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.lewisu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20607564&site=ehost-live&scope=site Devitt, K. R., & Borodzicz, E. P. (2008). Interwoven leadership: The missing link in multi-agency major incident response. Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 16(4), 208-216. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00551.x Jandaghi, G., Matin, H. Z., & Farjami, A. (2009). Comparing transformational leadership in successful and unsuccessful companies. International Journal

Analysis of the Continental Army, the Oneida People and Thomas Hutchinson

There is a clear difference between what the public thinks is necessary for unfortunate soldier and what the soldier needs to survive. The soldiers wanted to know how to use a voluntary donation to carry out a revolutionary war, so the masses wanted to know if a revolutionary war would lead to dictatorship. In 1783 George Washington demanded his officers to stop the rebellion in Newburgh. And it represents a big substitute for the mass demands for soldiers. This article contains simple information and information about the Great Army. What is the uniform of the Great Army? Definition of the Great Army: The Great Army was a regular US military founded at the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, and George Washington served as the Supreme Commander and was founded in the Boston area after the fight with Britain It was. In the battle of Lexington and the battle of Concord in 1775. Soldiers who formed the Great Army came from becoming 13 colonies of the United States. The Independence War was not at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War - each colony was dependent on a local militia composed of part-time soldiers. The outbreak of the American Revolutionary War meant that the Continental Congress needs to organize the troops of American soldiers as soon as possible to fight in the conflict with England. Thomas Hickey (interrupted on June 28, 1776) was a continent soldier of the American Revolutionary War and was the first person executed for rebellion, rebellion, and betrayal. Born in Ireland, he came to the United States as a British soldier and fought as Maj. William Johnson's private aide during the seven year war, but leaned to the other side when the revolution broke out. He became a member of Lifeguard and kept the salaries of General George Washington, its troops, and the Great Army. Greek genes were imprisoned through counterfeit currencies. He was tried and executed for rebellion and incitement and may have been involved in the assassination plan against George Washington in 1776. In April 1775, a group of settlers fought British troops in the battle between Lexington and Concord. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress decided to form a large army consisting of thirteen colonial citizens. George Washington was elected the Supreme Commander of the Army. The colony is ready to fight for his rights

Think of your own Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Think of your own - Essay Example After World War II, a completely new development phase emerged. Therefore, the term development is in a great way based upon how the western world conceptualized it, regardless of the thoughts of the other world regions Development as a concept has various definitions. These definitions mostly rely on the context under which the term is used. For instance, whereas the 1987petit Robert dictionary defines development as a form of progress, growth, blossoming, expansion and extension, president Julius Nyerere of Tanzania implied that the term refers to a process that enables persons to live fulfilling and dignified lives in addition to building self-confidence. He went further to argue that the term refers to a process that tends to free people from exploitation and unfulfilled potential. On the other hand, human development report (1991) implied that the primary goal of development is to increase the number of available choices while increasing participation and democracy. Between 1870 and 1940, the great nations of the world commenced what they termed as ‘development’. From the onset, they considered their ideas, opinions and actions as acts that represented development. These ideas also represented an affluent society. Other non-European countries were therefore backward, and under developed. European colonization was the first step to the application of western development concepts. This venture was carried out without the United States. The Europeans in some instances took the conquered regions as extensions of the respective European countries. The Europeans visited most of the previously unvisited areas. The League of Nations developed an internationalism approach. It implied that the world had to look united. The internationalism of the League of Nations enabled the colonizers to profit greatly from their conquests by basically recognizing each other’s rights. These devious plans enabled the nations to sway the

Watergate discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Watergate discussion - Essay Example That is why such incidents occur because the government officials themselves are involved in such a criminal act. Due to this the later presidents such as Clinton and Obama and all the other politicians are being thoroughly investigated in order to avoid any such incidents. There are some people who don’t even bother to vote. This is so because they have seen that most of the presidents just speak and do nothing in favor of the people’s interest. But this doesn’t mean that all the government officials are like this. If I was a voter at that I wouldn’t have voted for a person like him not because I am a non voter but because its really hard to trust a person who committed a serious crime and afterward tried to hide his wrong doing by blaming the other parties. Nixon just to make his political enemy the Democratic Party weak committed such a crime. The opinions of the majority of people would have been similar because no one knows that such incidents will ta ke place or not in the near future so they find it better not to vote for any of the candidates. The impact of the Watergate scandal on the later politicians made them realize the power of the media. They also understood that no matter how much power a Presidents possesses no one is above the constitutional law of equality and in the end Nixon got the result of his criminal act. The politicians then were of the view that it’s better to be clear and truthful to the public regarding all the matters. Now the politicians had a clear-cut view that no person is above the law not even the president himself. During this scandal many lawyers were involved in it so the American Bar Association decided that the lawyers should take a course in professional responsibility which is still exists till date. More over it led to the first amendment of protection of freedom of the

Supervisors at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supervisors at Work - Essay Example I believe a supervisor plays a key role in the development of one’s skills, career and growth. It is not only the responsibility of a supervisor to make sure he delegates proper work to those working under him, but also ensure that they are not being over or under worked. Moreover, supervisors also need to ensure the reason behind performance of his delegates and if someone is not performing up to the mark, he needs to sit them down and counsel, and help them in whatever way he can. Besides this, a supervisor should ensure that his team does not get demotivated, and if it does he needs to find out a solution to ensure that the problem is resolved at the earliest. This can be done by linking rewards with performance, and paving a clear promotional structure so workers who work hard know that it will lead them to the next level in the corporate ladder. All these features are portrayed by my supervisor at work and that I have noticed almost all employees working under him are hig hly satisfied with him.Trust, respect and royalty of their seniors is concerned, I have noticed my supervisor does that by keeping two things in check. The first one is ensuring that whatever work is delegated to him, he gets it done efficiently and well on time. The second one is giving an honest opinion to his seniors, despite the fact that they might like it or not. Honest views are highly valued by top management and I have noticed they like people who have the guts to stand by their views and convince others about them.

APA RESEARCH PAPER Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

APA - Research Paper Example It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and significantly increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. The last two decades have witnessed an increase in health care costs due to obesity and related issues among children and adolescents. Childhood obesity is a global phenomenon affecting all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age, sex or ethnicity. Aetiopathogenesis of childhood obesity is multi-factorial and includes genetic, neuroendocrine, metabolic, psychological, environmental and socio-cultural factors. Many co-morbid conditions like metabolic, cardiovascular, psychological, orthopaedic, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary and renal disorders are seen in association with childhood obesity. The treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents requires a multidisciplinary, multi-phase approach, which includes dietary management, physical activity enhancement, restriction of sedentary behaviour, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. A holist ic approach to tackle the childhood obesity epidemic needs a collection of activities including influencing policy makers and legislation, mobilizing communities, restructuring organizational practices, establishing coalitions and networks, empowering providers, imparting community education as well as enriching and reinforcing individual awareness and skills. The implications of this global phenomenon on future generations will be serious unless appropriate action is taken. Keywords: Adolescents, children, dietary management, obesity, overweight Go to: Introduction Worldwide, disease profiles are transforming at a rapid pace catching the attention of medical professionals and policy makers alike. This is particularly true in low and middle-income countries that form the major chunk of global population. The emerging epidemics of obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes form the crux of this phenomenal change. Among these entities, obesity has become a colossal epidemic ca using serious public health concern and contributes to 2.6 million deaths worldwide every year1. Obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality as well as reduced life expectancy. The last two decades of the previous century have witnessed dramatic increase in health care costs due to obesity and related issues among children and adolescents2. For children and adolescents, overweight and obesity are defined using age and sex specific normograms for body mass index (BMI). Children with BMI equal to or exceeding the age-gender-specific 95th percentile are defined obese. Those with BMI equal to or exceeding the 85th but are below 95th percentiles are defined overweight and are at risk for obesity related co-morbidities3. Go to: Epidemiology Childhood obesity affects both developed and developing countries of all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age, sex or ethnicity. It has been estimated that worldwide over 22 million children under the age of

I plan to determine what influences achievement on students in special Research Proposal

I plan to determine what influences achievement on students in special education, between those who have used technology and those who have not used technology - Research Proposal Example Lahm (2003) supports this concern by pointing out that professional concern for special needs classes has not been packed by equal political or administrative effort. A situation that she believes is leaving little facility to implement or measure the impact of the adoption of technology in special education curriculums. Determining what influences achievement of students in special education who have used technology over those who have not requires first the identification of technology use, methodology and evaluation measures used. At the same time, there is an equal need to develop performance standards that will be able to attribute variance in performance directly with the use of the technology. It should be noted that the correlation between students’ technological competency is not to be equated with student proficiency or achievement. Therefore, determining variance in proficiency or achievement among students due to the utilization of technology should entail control over the type of curriculum, students or instructors (Gardner et al, 2003). Concentrating on special education students, studies will also need to account for the client conditions and health. Subsequently, there is also a need to identify what factors may limit the impact of technology use from socio-cultural, political, economic or medical perspectives. Moreover, there is also a need to account for the nature of technology adaptation itself such as productivity paradoxes, rates of adaptation and competency requirements among others (â€Å"Technology and Education†, 2006). The technology-focused educational reform emerged as major agenda in the 1990’s. Initial programs were designed as support social services but eventually, efforts became the prerogative of educational institutions. Programs transitioned from general programs to enhance the well-being of vulnerable groups identified through schools then became more specific

All Museums Should Be Free of Charge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

All Museums Should Be Free of Charge - Essay Example Free access to the museum is essential to provide us with the opportunity to learn about our heritage more closely. Museums have an important role in preserving and bringing a country’s historical inheritance to the view of the new generations. Museums are repositories of knowledge and through them; we discover and find out important aspects of our civilization. Free access to museums would help a greater number of people to learn and discover additional things about their country and the world as a whole. The history of the country helps to increase their knowledge about their country and a sense of pride among them. At the same time, it helps in promoting greater comprehension and acceptance of foreign cultures. Museums are like libraries and schools, which offer knowledge. Knowledge should be available to all irrespective of the economic conditions. Therefore, following the trend of education for all museums should be made free to the public. Many people do not have access to the museums because of the high charges. People should have free access to the knowledge of art and history. The Indianapolis Museum of Art has made its admission free of charge. The Museum boasts of a huge collection of art and making the entry free has attracted a large number of visitors to it. (The Indianapolis Museum of Art). Therefore, free access to the museum is essential to provide us with the opportunity to learn about our heritage more closely. Most of the museums use the city and the county tax collections for its maintenance. Therefore, making the entry fee nil will not be detrimental to their income. A number of museums in the United States have made an entry for the public free of charge.  

The Communication of Window Displays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Communication of Window Displays - Essay Example Henry Selfridge, the owner of Selfridge retailer store and the initiator of visual merchandising understood the significant of window display. Thus, he came up with innovative window designs in order to communicate to customers on the available brand offered in the Selfridge store. The creative director of Burberry store (London-Regent Street), Christopher Bailey also came with innovative ideas for communicating to the shoppers about the brands available in the store. Selfridges and Burberry are among the fashion retailer companies that employ window displays strategy in order to increase sales in the highly competitive global market. Bhalla and Anuraag (2010, p.145) argue that wherein gratification precedes loyalty, retailers have learn that it is through being smart that one can achieve success in the highly competitive market. Therefore, retailers attempt to use window displays as a strategy of communicating to the consumer about the products and services they deliver to them. Selfridges London and Burberry use window display in order to communicate at physical interfaces with the consumer right from the point of sighting the store or the shop. The aim of window display is to catch the attention of the consumer at the store front and entice him or her into the shop; thus creating enough interest for him or her to make a consumption decision. This technique of window display is known as visual marketing; hence, retailers use this technique to deliver a differentiated and shopping experience. Visual marketing technique plays significant role in shopper acquisition and customer loyalty, in which a lot of efforts and expenditure are invested (Bhalla and Anuraag 2010, p.145). Additionally, window displays create first impressions of the retailer stores and its offering through tactical communication. For instance, Selfridges London and Burberry retailers use art and visual communication designs or images for sustaining the preference of the

Ratio Analysis of Hcl Tech Essay Example for Free

Ratio Analysis of Hcl Tech Essay It provides software-led IT solutions, remote infrastructure management and BPO services, focused mainly on transformational outsourcing. The company leverages its extensive offshore infrastructure and global network of offices in 31 countries to deliver solutions across selected verticals including financial services, retail and consumer, life sciences, aerospace, automotive, semiconductors, telecom, media publishing and entertainment. HCL takes pride in its philosophy of â€Å"Employees First, Customers Second† which empowers their 84,403 employees to create a real value for the customers. HCL Technologies, along with its subsidiaries, had consolidated revenues of US$ 4. 5 billion, as on 31st March 2013. HCL Leadership team 2. Objectives of Study Development of industries depends on several factors such as financial, personnel, technology, quality of product and marketing. Financial aspects assume a significant role in determining the growth of industries. All the company’s operations virtually affect its need for cash. Most of these data covering operations area are however outside the direct responsibility of the financial executives. The firm whose present operations are inherently difficult should try to makes its financial analysis to enable its management to stay on top of its working position. In this context I am undertaking financial ratio analysis of HCL Technologies to examine and understand financial performance of the company. Using ratio analysis this project will provide the insights of – * The growth and development of HCL Technologies for last 5 years (FY 08-12) * The behavior of liquidity and profitability of HCL Technologies * The factors determining the liquidity and profitability of HCL Technologies Scope The scope of the study is limited to financial data published in the annual reports of the company every year. The analysis is done to suggest possible solutions for financial growth of the organization. This study is carried out for 5 years (2008-2012). Also data provided by external agencies are used for analysis of future predication. 3. Concept of Financial Statement amp; Ratio Analysis 2 3. 2 Financial Statement To understand the information contained in financial statements with a view to know the strength or weaknesses of the organization, to make forecast about future prospects and thereby enabling the management and external parties to take different decisions regarding the operations. Fundamental analysis has a very broad scope. One aspect looks at the general (qualitative) factors of the company. The other side considers tangible and measurable factors (quantitative). This means crunching and analyzing numbers from the financial statements if used in conjunction with other methods, quantitative analysis can produce excellent results. Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is the method or process by which relationship/group of items in the financial statement are computed, determined and presented. Ratio analysis is an attempt to derive quantitative measure or guides concerning the financial health and profitability of business enterprises. Ratio analysis can be used both in trend and static analysis. Purpose of several ratios depends on the objective of analysis. A financial ratio measures a company’s performance in a specific area. For example, you could use a ratio of a company’s debt to its equity to measure a company’s gearing. By comparing the gearing ratios of two companies, you can determine which company uses greater debt per equity. You can use this information to make a judgment as to which company is better investment risk. However, you must be careful not to place too much importance on one ratio. You obtain better indication of the direction in which a company is moving when several ratios are taken as a group. Ratios are worked out to analyze the following aspects of an enterprise: a. Solvency: i. Long term ii. Short term iii. Immediate b. Profitability c. Operational Efficiency d. Credit standing e. Effective utilization of resources f. Investment Analysis 3. 4 Significance of Ratio Analysis in Financial Statement Ratio analysis is very important in revealing the financial position and soundness of the business so used by various parties * Management: The group that has the most interest in financial statement analysis is management. Management needs to discover quickly any area of mismanagement so that corrective action can be quickly taken. It mainly helps in: * Decision making: Ratio analysis helps in making decision from the information provided in these financial Statements. Financial forecasting and planning: Planning is looking ahead and the ratios calculated for a number of years a work as a guide for the future. * Communicating: The financial strength and weakness of a firm are communicated in a more easy and understandable manner using ratios. * Co-ordination: Better communication of efficiency and weakness of an enterprise result in better co-ordination in the enterprise * Control: The weaknesses are otherwise, if any, come to the knowledge of the managerial, which helps, in effective control of the business. * Investors or Shareholders Investors are interested in financial statements to evaluate current earnings and to predict future earnings. Financial statements influence greatly the price at which stock is bought and sold. * Lenders: Bankers before granting loans usually require that financial statements be submitted. Whether or not a loan is made depends heavily on a company’s financial condition and its prospects for the future. * Employees: Employees are mainly concerned about the profitability. Their salaries and increments are dependent on the profit made by the company. * Government:

Effect Of Family Background To Students Academic Achievement Education Essay

Effect Of Family Background To Students Academic Achievement Education Essay 1.1 Introduction The U.S. Bureau of Census in 2000 (2001) defines a family as two or more persons related by birth, marriage or adoption who reside in the same household. This is a legal definition, relying solely on relationships determined by blood or contract. Families are important to provide safe, nurturing environments in which children can learn to function in society. While families in the past worked hard to ensure their childrens health and physical survival, todays parents include in their concerns the childrens emotional health as well. David Olson (1983) discusses the findings of numerous research studies on the characteristics of functional families. Members of good families show unity and loyalty, are cooperative and deal problems in positive ways. They also provide love and understanding to their members. Healthy families are flexible and are able to compromise and communicate well. The parents become role models in the family to demonstrate good values. Student achievement is measured using grades. Grades are standardized measurements of varying levels of comprehension within a subject area. Grades can be assigned in letters (for example, A, B, C, D, E or F), as a range (for example 1.0-4.0), as descriptors (excellent, great, satisfactory, needs improvement), in percentages, or, as is common in some post-secondary institutions in some countries, as a Grade Point Average (Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia). The home process variables that have been found to be the best predictors of school learning were classified by Kellaghan et.al. (1993) as follows: Work habits of the family: The degree of routine in the management of the home, the emphasis on regularity in the use of space and time, and the priority given to schoolwork over other pleasure activities. Academic guidance and support: The availability and quality of the help and encouragement that parents give their children in their schoolwork and the conditions they provide to support schoolwork. Stimulation to explore and discuss ideas and events: Opportunities provided by the home to explore ideas, events and larger environment. Language environment: Opportunities in the home for the development of the correct and efficient use of language. Academic aspirations and expectations: Parents aspirations for their children, the standards they set for childrens school achievement and their interest in and knowledge of childrens school experiences. Children bring their family experiences with them to school, so teachers need to have a better understanding of their students families and how they function. Teachers putting more effort in understanding their students problems will lead to a good academic achievement of students. Hendersons research (1987) provides the rationale of this need. First, because educators efforts at school correspond with those of the parents in the students home, educators need to know about their students families to be maximally effective. Second, by understanding those responsible for children at home, educators can work with parents to help children to be safe and move comfortably into society. Thirdly, this understanding will help to produce better teachers. Many researches began to look at home process variables, such as behaviors and conditions in the house, irrespective of social status, that are related to academic achievement. They include such factors as parents expectations for the childs success in school, availability in the home of books and other reading material and the amount of attention the family gives to the childs schoolwork (Chall et.al., 1990). 1.2 Problem Statement It is known that language problem limits childrens learning on key subjects areas. As the language of assessments and instruction is different from the language that is spoken at home, children hardly improve their new language skills. The language barriers persist over Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Yuk Tse for years. This problem is inherent as the students come from a community in which the majority of them are Thais and Malays and the language spoken at home is their mother tongues. Even the Chinese in this community mostly speak in these languages. Parental involvement is considered an important influence on academic progress. Parental involvement has been positively linked to indicators of student achievement, including teacher ratings of student competence, student grades and achievement test scores (Deslandes et.al., 1999). Parent involvement has also been associated with other indicators of school success, including lower rates of retention in grades, lower dropout rates, higher on-time high school graduation rates, and higher rates of participation in advanced courses (Barnard, 2004). Families with many children will have limited time to supervise each and every childs homework. In cases where both parents work, the responsibility is passed on to the grandparents. A local study on early primary school children showed a weak but significant association between poor nutritional intake and academic achievement (Zalilah MS et.al., 2000). These children were from low socioeconomic areas and of a single ethnic origin. As single parents need to work hard to earn more money, their children are left at home by themselves or with their grandparents. As a result, some students come to school with dirty uniform and without breakfast, while some have disciplinary problems at school. Students academic achievement in Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Yuk Tse has long been a concern of the local community because of their poor academic performance. School achievement in the nation is classified into two categories: Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi (SPT) and Sekolah Berprestasi Rendah (SPR). Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Yuk Tse is classified as Sekolah Berprestasi Rendah (SPR) because the percentages of passing in all subjects of Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) do not achieve 50% continuously in the last 7 years from 2003-2009, so there is a need to study the factors such as family structure, familys socioeconomic status, parental expectation, home environment and home language that are affecting the students academic achievement. 1.3 Research Questions The main purpose of the study is to examine the effect of family background to students academic achievement. The research questions of this study are as follows: What are the demographic profiles of the students in this school? What is the academic achievement among students in Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English? Is there any significance different between students academic achievement and family backgrounds such as family structure, familys socioeconomic status, parents attitude and expectation, home environment and home language? Objectives of the study The objectives of this study are specifically: To determine the demographic profiles of students in terms of age, gender and ethnic group, number of siblings, marital status, parents income, parents highest level of education and parents monthly income. To determine students achievement in Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English. To determine the relationship between students academic achievement and family backgrounds such as family structure, familys socioeconomic status, parents attitude and expectation, home environment and home language. To validate previous research. Scope of research This study is conducted at Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Yuk Tse in Tumpat, Kelantan. The respondents in this study are chosen from all the students from year 1 till year 6 and the study is based on the Mid Term Examinations results for Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English in year 2010. These three subjects are chosen because their average scores for the last ten years (2000-2009) are below 70%. The average scores of each other subjects such as Chinese Essay, Malay Essay, Mathematics and Science is above 70%. In addition, this study only focuses on five family background variables which are family structure, familys socioeconomic status, parents attitude and expectation, home environment and home language. Organization This chapter describes and gives an overview on the problem statement, research questions, objectives and scope of research in this study. The next chapter contains a review of the literature on relationship between family background and students academic achievement. Finally, Chapter 3 will describe the theory used and the ways in conducting this study. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction There are many works in the literature which deal with the effects of family background in students academic achievement. In the view of Ajila and Olutola (2007), the state of the home affects the individual since the parents are the first socializing agents in an individuals life. This is because the family background and context of a child affect his reaction to life situations and his level of performance. Although, the school is responsible for the experiences that make up the individuals life during school periods, yet parents and the individuals experiences at home play tremendous roles in building the personality of the child and making the child what he is. Researchers have shown that students and family characteristics affect levels of parental involvement. Different factors of family background are capable of influencing the academic performance of the students. The factors are such as parental occupation status, parents educational attainment, family structure and home lan guage. Coleman (1966) concluded in his report schools dont matter, and stated that students achievement is more strongly associated to their families social class than a function of the schools they attend. 2.2 Family Structure Analyses of the relations between families and academic achievement also need to consider childrens family structures. The absence of one parent in the students life, because of divorce, separation, abandonment can affect students achievement levels (Dronkers, 2003). Nzewunwah (1995) said that there is a significant difference between students from single parent families and those from two-parent families in terms of attitude to examination malpractices, attitude to studies and academic performance. This finding could be explained by the fact that life in a single-parent family can be traumatic and children brought up in such family structure often suffer some emotional problems such as lack of warmth, love and disciplinary problems, which may hinder their academic performance. On the other hand, children raised in two-parent family structure are often stable emotionally and they suffer less emotional problems thereby making them less anxious in the pursuit of their academic work. Furthermore, siblings variables are related to the quality and quantity of parent-child interaction in families. Taubman and Behrman (1986) found that differences in children with many siblings and those with fewer siblings may be a result of the amount of monetary and temporal resources available to each child decreasing with each successive child. The greater the numbers of children in a family, the more those children have to share family resources. As a result, children have lower scores on those academic outcomes affected by the diluted family influences. 2.3 Familys Socioeconomic Status Parents socioeconomic status is an international educational indicator. It is a very important factor in students adjustment to and performance in school. In the literature of education policy research and social science research in general indicators of socioeconomic status typically represent any or all of three constructs: education attainment, occupation status, and income or wealth (Buchmann, 2002; Powers, 1982). The income can be measured indirectly through home possessions items. Students from lower income, lower educated families are less likely to succeed academically in high school (Chubb and Moe, 1990; Honan, 1996; Noble et al., 1992; Noble, et al., 1999; Noble and McNabb, 1989). Some of the researches also show that families with high socioeconomic status have more success in preparing their children for schools. They are able to provide their children with books, stationeries, tuitions and others. 2.4 Parents Attitude and Expectation Parents involvement is highly related to their children success in education. Students whose parents are more involved with their schooling are more likely to be motivated and have good achievement in school. Parents attitudes towards the education of their children are such as frequency of helping with homework, frequency of supervision childrens homework; times spent interacting with children, frequency of praising with children and provide enough stationary. Parents have high educational expectation also tends to motivate their children in their academic achievement. They take good care of their children either both in or out of schools (reward or punish due the childrens behavior). Pandey (1985) concluded that if proper system of reward and punishment is followed, children shall certainly perform well in school. 2.5 Home Environment Even though family background does have a strong relationship to achievement, it may be how parents bring up their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and not the parents occupation, income or education that really make the difference (K.R.White, 1982, p.471). Families influence is very important in socializing children. Children need their familys support and psychological stimulation of the childrens academic development by parents and other persons in the home environment. Students home environments such as reading materials are available in their house and place for doing homework. Some researchers suggest that home environment influences not only academic readiness for school, but also the level of achievement throughout students careers (Cooper et.al., 1998). 2.6 Home Language Students success in school depends upon their being proficient in academic language, the language of classroom instruction. The literature review suggested that students who use the school language at home achieve better at school than those who use another language (Moegiadi et al, 1979; Cooksey, 1981). The ways in which children communicate in their home cultures are critical to the development of written language models of reading and writing. The home language of students provides the foundation for the emergence of reading and writing behaviors. If there is a mismatch between the structures, values, and expectations of the home language and school language, children may be at a disadvantage for success in early reading tasks, and thus spend their entire school careers attempting to catch up (Gay, 1988; Snow, 1992). Research shows that language-minority students face many challenges in school. For example, they are 1.5 times more likely to drop out of school than native speakers (Cardenas, Robledo, Waggoner, 1988) and received lower grade (Moss Puma, 1995). The dominant language of a student at home can examine through the language speak most often by people at home and type of language most of the print material he/she receives at home. 2.7 Summary The education system lays an important foundation for the future civil, social, and economic opportunities of citizens. Parents need to understand the implications and consequences of family background affect the students academic achievement. As Ichado (1998) concluded that the environment in which the student comes from can greatly influence his or her performance at school. Family lay the psychosocial, moral and spiritual foundations in the overall development of the child. In conclusion, it is very important to enlighten all the family members to cooperate and ensure the total development of the children in a family. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction All students in Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Yuk Tse will be recruited into this study. Their scores for Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English in the Mid Term Examination year 2010 will be used to determine their academic performance. These three subjects are part of the main subjects in the UPSR for Primary Chinese School. A student was considered to be a poor achiever if he or she failed in these subjects, i.e. obtained a score of less that 40% in a subject. Student who did not sit for this examination or had moved to another school were excluded from the study. In proposing a school-based research, a careful and through planning is important to meet the objectives and to make it successful. This chapter outlined the methodology employed in the research. The research design population and sampling, research instruments, data collections procedure and data analysis procedure are the factors that the researchers must consider during the research. 3.2 Research Design In this exploratory research design, the researcher will follow a series of steps in order to determine family variables which affect the students academic achievement. Firstly, the scores for the Mid Term Examination for year 2010 will be recorded, compiled and analyzed. Then, the students will be given the questionnaires to obtain the information about their background and their results. Descriptive statistics such as the mean, standard deviation, percentages, t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis will be used to describe and analyze the data in this study. Research Setting 3.3.1 Sampling and sample SJKC Yuk Tse, Tumpat, Kelantan is located in a rural area and it is the only Chinese primary school in Tumpat district. The sample for this study will comprise all students (n=377) from each level. Their ages range from 7 12 years old. Academic achievement (Dependent Variables) In this study, the researcher will use the students scores (percentage) in three subjects (Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English) of the Mid Term Examination to determine their academic achievement. Academic achievement is the dependent variable which is the sum of these three subjects. Family backgrounds variables (Independent Variables) Family structure Family socioeconomic status Parents attitude and expectation Home environment Home language 3.4 Research Instruments Questionnaires The research instrument that will be used is the student questionnaire, which contains five sections and 23 items. Before answering the questions, students need to write out their personal details (age, gender, ethnic group) and their results (Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English) in Mid Term Exam Year 2010. Section A contains 2 items and it asks about students family structure; Section B contains 6 items and it asks about socioeconomic status of the students families; and Section C contains 9 items and it asks about their parents attitudes and expectation. The questions were graded using Likert 5-Scale as described below: Table 1: Likert 5-Scale Scale Grade 1 Strongly Agree 2 Agree 3 No Opinion 4 Disagree 5 Strongly Disagree Sections D contains 4 items and asks about the students home environment. Lastly, Section E contains 3 items and asks about students home language. The questions in Section E are adapted from Home Language Survey (Ortiz., Alta A., Special Project in Bilingual Special Education, Department of Special Education. College of Education, the University of Texas, Austin, 2008) There are two types of questionnaires, one is the Malay version and the other is the English version. Three hundred seventy seven students are given the English Version and Malay version questionnaire. They can use either questionnaire and they are asked to complete it in the classroom during normal class hour. For those who do not understand the Malay language or English language, Chinese language is used orally by the researcher so that the students understand the items given. 3.5 Reporting Statistics 3.6 Investigating Relationships 3.7 Summary This chapter explains the methodology used in the present research, which include the research design, research setting, research instruments and method of data analysis. The data were analyzed to examine the effect of family background on students academic achievement. CHAPTER 4 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Blooms Taxonomy Cognitive Domain

Blooms Taxonomy Cognitive Domain Blooms taxonomy, created by Benjamin Bloom is an arrangement of learning objectives within the education sector for classifying and categorising levels of intellectual understanding which usually takes place in a classroom setting. Bloom Taxonomy consists of three specific domains known as: the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. Benjamin Bloom identified a hierarchy of six various levels within the cognitive domain. The cognitive domain comprises of knowledge and the development of intellectual skills which includes the recall or recognition of procedural patterns, concepts, and specific facts which play a major role in to the development of skills and intellectual capabilities. There are six major categories in the cognitive domain which are sub-divided and put in order of sophistication based on the mental process involved, the hierarchy starts from the simplest and ranges up to the most complex. Blooms Taxonomy six level hierarchies derives around the fact that in order for an individual to reach the most difficult and complex of category they must master the simplest of the categorys before the next ones can take place. Below are the six sub-divided categories of the cognitive domain which compromise of knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Knowledge is the first and lowest level in the hierarchy of learning outcomes in the cognitive domain. In the cognitive domain knowledge is accumulated by the remembrance of previously learnt material. This will involve instantly bringing up previously learnt material to ones mind. The remembrance of learnt material is considered to be the simplest category in the cognitive domain. Comprehension, the second category in the cognitive domain is defined as the ability to grasp the meaning of material. Comprehension of materials focusses on translating material from one form to another i.e. (words to numbers), by explaining, summarising or interpreting material. Particularly in a Higher educational setting comprehension is the tool which is enables students to further their studies, in order to expand one must grasp the meaning of the material he/she might be studying. These learning outcomes go beyond the simple remembrance of material, and represent the lowest level of understanding. Application in the cognitive domain is defined as the ability to apply and use previously learnt material in new situations. At this stage it is time to apply what you have learnt and understood, and apply it to novel situations or in cases in higher education exams/tests. Learning outcomes in this area require a higher level of understanding than those under comprehension. Analysis the fourth category in the cognitive domain refers to the ability to break down material into its component so that its structure may be understood. This may include the identification of various parts, and recognition of the organisational principles involved. At this level in the cognitive domain learning outcomes here represent a higher intellectual level this is mostly because it requires a higher understanding of both the content and the structural form of the material. Synthesis- at this stage in the cognitive domain we compose a structure or pattern from various elements. I.e. putting parts or segments together to form a complete whole, with high emphasis on creating a new structure. For example in a higher education setting a student might put various methods of revision to perfect or improve the chances of getting the maximum marks in their exam. Evaluation- The final and most complex category in the cognitive domain is evaluation. In this category we look upon the ability to judge the value of material. At this stage judgments are based on a certain criteria. Our Judgments may be based on internal criteria or external criteria. The learning outcome in this category is at its most highest because it contains elements from each category in the cognitive domain. Observing the six categories of the cognitive domain in Blooms Taxonomy has given me great insight of how each of these categories falls within the pathway of a programme of study in higher education. Category one (Knowledge) is not only vital part in a higher education setting, but it applies to almost any situation. Knowledge falls well within the stepping stones in higher education because to complete various tasks in a higher education setting some insight is necessary as to what tasks you may be undertaking. Category two, three and four (Comprehension, Application and Analysis) are also an essential because in order to apply material it has to be first correctly understood. For example in order for one to achieve high marks in his/her exams the syllabus has to be correctly understood before it can be applied actually in an exam. The two final and most complex categories within the cognitive domain do verily apply in a higher educational setting, this is because in life many aspe cts do not go to plan. Evaluation is critical in all tasks we may undertake in higher education. This is because in order to better something an evaluative process should ideally take place this is because at this stage in the cognitive domain you have certain set criteria as to what everything should be based on. So if your tasks do not meet your standard an evaluation process will take place as to what could be done so that this particular task meets your determined criteria. I consider myself to be at the (Application) stage in the cognitive domain, this is mostly because I can easily understand and apply the material. Plagiarism Plagiarism is defined as the practice of taking someone elses work or ideas and passing them off as ones own. There are many forms of plagiarism however the two distinct types of plagiarism are intentional and unintentional. Intentional plagiarism is when an individual understands he/she is fully plagiarising however still proceed to do so. However unintentional plagiarism is deemed as plagiarism, when an individual does not understand they are plagiarising as they may have a poor understanding of what constitutes as plagiarism, and they maybe incorrectly placing citations. There are many acts that one might constitute as plagiarism both intentional and unintentional. Below I will present a list of acts that are considered or are deemed as plagiarism. The first act of intentional plagiarism is where an individual might pay certain essay bank on the internet to complete their assignments for you. This is a serious case of intentional plagiarism; this is because hiring a company do you work. Implies that the work is practically someone elses and you had no intent of actually completing the work yourself so you deliberately plagiarised. Another act of intentional plagiarism is when an individual deliberately copies text or passages from class peers, colleagues or friends without their knowledge or consent. This is deemed to be intentional plagiarism because reproducing a piece of work which is exactly the same as another person is stealing especially without their consent. Plagiarism has been an ever increasing problem, especially due to the quick and easy access to various passages and text over the world within a click of a button. One particular act deemed as intentional plagiarism is when an individual deliberately copies a passage of text and then rearranges the word so it seems as if it his own work. This form of plagiarism is one of the most common and wide spread. One form of unintentional plagiarism is paraphrasing without citing, this is when an individual rearranges the sentence to have the same meaning however they forget to reference it accordingly. Another form of unintentional plagiarism is building on someones thoughts or ideas without correctly inserting a citation There are many various ways one can follow in order to prevent plagiarism both intentional unintentional. In order to prevent unintentional plagiarism one should correctly paraphrase and add citations correctly. Furthermore in order to prevent intentional to avoid unintentional plagiarism print screen the webpage so that even though the webpage may be removed one still has proof that the webpage existed so therefore this will prevent being accused of plagiarism. Harvard Referencing System The Harvard referencing system also known as parenthetical referencing is one form of a citation style. Referencing is a system that allows you to acknowledge your source, i.e. whenever a secondary persons ideas, theories, quotes, facts or any other evidence and information used, references have to be made to acknowledge the fact information has been used. Referencing is also used to give credit to its author and to help readers of your work to find the original source of information or ideas that you have used. Citation is used particularly in higher education and in other forms in an academic setting. Below are two examples of Harvard referencing one example is from a book and the other example is from a website: Example of Harvard Referencing of a website WILLIAMS, R., 2010. Universities and hit by industrial action [online]. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/may/06/cutsandclosures-middlesexuniversity [accessed 6 May 2010] Example of Harvard Referencing of a book from a single author Stevens (1996, p.2) pointed out that referencing is a skill all students should develop. Harvard Referencing slightly differs from a website to other sources. Below I will explain how the Harvard system works. If you look above at example 1 you will firstly notice the name of the author. The author is the first step in referencing the Harvard way; if the name of the author is not given then the provider of the website should be used as the substitute to the author. The following step is to now add the date, the date is usually found next to the authors name, the date is usually when the author first published his article. Once the name of the author and date has been added you now have to follow by adding the title of the website so in this case the title was Universities and hit by industrial action. If you can see above the title is in italics, the title which is used by the website should be placed in italics. The next step is to now actually add the websites URL address which in this case is http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/may/06/cutsandclosures-middlesexuni versity. The URL address is the actual location were you obtained the passage or text. Following the URL address, the date you viewed the website has to places in square brackets last. This ideally represents when you viewed the article in case the article is removed or edited along the way.

state of the union :: essays research papers

Stupid White Men by Michael Moore was supposed to be published in October, but the copies printed in September were going to be shredded, since the publisher thought that humorous attacks on President Bush and his partners would not be welcome after 9-11. There was a quiet campaign to get it to readers, and HarperCollins eventually did the right thing: it has released the book unchanged and uncensored, and Moore has said he admires the courage it showed in doing so. You don't have to be a fan of Moore's famous anti-corporate, anti-racist, and anti-conservative views to appreciate that this is a real victory. You would be right to assume that "President" Bush will not be pleased by the book. Some of the chapters now have sort of a ring, like "A Very American Coup," which explains what really happened to give Florida to Bush in the last election. Bush's brother and his aids were able to fix the polls of black voters, who would have turned out for Gore. It took the BBC to uncover this story. There is plenty more sleaze to this story, which Moore obviously enjoys telling. It may no longer be unpatriotic to make fun at Bush, but Moore does not restrict himself to Bush bashing, being equally tough on Clinton and Gore. There are wonderful shots fired here, and a good laugh on almost every page. Bush's inaugural parade came up against protesters armed with eggs and tomatoes and "Hail to the Thief" signs at the point in the parade when the brand new President usually gets out and walks. "Then, suddenly, the President's car bolted and tore down the street. The decision had been made - hit the gas and get past this rabble as quickly as possible. The Secret Service agents running beside the limo were left behind, the car's tires splashing dirty rain from the street onto the men who were there to protect its passenger. It might have been the finest thing I have ever witnessed in Washington, D.C. - a pretender to the American throne forced to turn tail and run from thousands of American citizens armed only with the Truth and the ingredients of a decent omelet." A hilarious letter to President Arafat advises him to initiate mass nonviolent civil disobedience, rather than to keep drawing blood; if this advice had been taken, could the Palestinians be in any worse shape now?

Essay --

The purpose of this paper is to examine the formation of urban sprawl including its impacts on people and to explore efficient alternatives. Urban sprawl is a common problem that the world is currently facing in the process of urbanization. The North America urban sprawl that began from 1950s has been regarded as an illness of urban developments. With the purpose of drawing lessons and enlightens to a sustainable urban planning, this paper tries to analyze social and economic reasons that have been the motivation of North American urban sprawl. And interpret the causes and effects of urban sprawl, and what can we take to mitigate this phenomenon? Secondly, the paper introduces the most famous new planning movements such as Sustainable Development, Smart Growth, New Urbanism and so on. Finally, based on above observation, the paper proposes that lessons should be drawn from North American’s mistakes and not follows them. Furthermore, the paper probes into several problems in se eking a proper urban space model and policy on the process of urbanization. We must alert urban sprawl and keep on exploring sustainable urban governance policy and pay attention to induct the public opinion on consumption and culture in finding for the mechanism of structural innovation. We should commit to build sustainable transport system to reduce the consumption of automobiles. We should promote multi-intensive model of land use in urban exploration. Keywords: urban sprawl, urban planning, Introduction Started from the 1950s, the movement that many post-war cities expanded outward to form a mass migration from the center of the city surrounded by low-density suburban living patterns generally referred to as "urban sprawl." The problems posed by the... ...rt there will be no urbanization. Economy has its own rules and its own development. We cannot "push" or "speed up" subjectively, Destructive Enthusiasm in urban planning will be a dead end. Therefore, in reality, we must guard against false or excessive urbanization driven by the interests of the regime and to halt the urban sprawl-style expansion, to achieve a gradual urbanization. "New Urbanism", "compact city", "smart growth" provides us with useful ideas. There are few tiny gaps between the focus of these concepts, but their main principle is the same, namely to improve the utilization efficiency of urban space and create policies to control urban sprawl. Change the city zoning concept, promoting diversification of land use; reduce reliability on motorized travel; improve public transport to stimulate the vitality of the city It is our common goal of the future

Love And Lovability (wuthering :: essays research papers fc

Love and Lovability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “There is no character in Wuthering Heights who is completely lovable, who wins our sympathy completely.';(Bloom 99) Love, in one way or another is the force which makes people unlikable. In Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, people’s adoration for one another is the reason why no character is completely lovable. Receiving too much attention spoiled Catherine Earnshaw. Heathcliff was disliked because he had to grow up without a real family to love him. Finally, Hindley turned into a pitiful man because of the love that he lost. For some, affection can change people for the better, but for others love can be a poison for their souls.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being the only daughter, Catherine was endeared by all those around her. The unwavering love that her family and friends gave her soured her disposition. While on a business trip, her father told his children that they could choose any gift that they wanted. Catherine, being a good rider, “chose a whip.';(40) When she learned that Heathcliff was the reason why she did not get her present, she responded “by grinning and spitting at the stupid little thing.';(41) Since she was used to getting everything that she wanted, she became haughty and had no respect for other people’s feelings.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “Why canst thou not always be a good lass, Cathy?';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And she turned her face up to his, and laughed, and answered,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “Why cannot you always be a good man, Father?'; (47) Even on his deathbed, Catherine chose to vex her father instead of comforting him. Catherine’s faults, which can be attributed to her rich upbringing, do not endear her to readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heathcliff, being the villain of the tale, is the most horrid character in Wuthering Heights. He manipulates everyone around him and has no regard for anyone but himself. His rotten nature can be traced back to his early years when he was a “poor, fatherless child.';(43) The lack of parental love and guidance made his life a difficult one. Heathcliff was an unwanted child who brought turmoil to a previously happy household. “So from the very beginning, he bred bad feelings in the house.';(42) Instead of rising from his poor position, he degenerated into an evil beast. When Catherine had begun to spend more time at Thrushcross Grange with the Linton’s, Heathcliff lost his self-respect and dignity. “If he were careless and uncared for before Catherine’s absence, he had been ten times more so since.

Meiosis Modeling Activity Essay

Background Information Meiosis is the process by which eukaryotic organisms produce egg and sperm having half the genetic information (haploid) of the other cells in the organism’s body (diploid). You will notice some similarities to mitosis but some definite differences in meiosis that result in genetic diversity in the gametes as well as the offspring formed by the eventual fusion of the egg and sperm. Two of the most noted differences in meiosis are that 1) there are two complete divisions resulting in four daughter cells and, 2) meiosis has crossing over, an even that occurs in Prophase I that increases genetic variation in the gametes. Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes. These are the pairs of chromosomes in an organisms body that carry genes for the same trait located at identical positions on the two chromosomes. Even though they carry the same gene they may, however, possess different alleles for the gene which result in different forms of the trait. Pre-Lab: 1. Draw a tetrad in the space below and label the following: centromeres, sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes. 2. What are the two elements of meiosis that add variation to our population? (Hint: one occurs in prophase I and the other in metaphase I). 3. Which of the chromosomes #2-5 could be homologous with chromosome #1? Explain your answer. I think number 5 because it is the exact same as 1. Lab: 1. First view the recording on my message board under â€Å"Supplemental Learning Materials† for this lab. You will need the â€Å"code words† from the recording for one of your conclusion questions. Link to recording: http://www.connectionslivelesson.com/p2fwrdno8yk/ 2. After you have viewed the recording, gather your required materials. You will need 4 forks, 4 knives, 4 spoons, 6 rubber bands, and some twine or string to use as cell membrane. If you can have two different types of flatware that would be best (for example: 2 forks, 2 knives, and 2 spoons that are different than the other set of 2 forks, 2 knives, and 2 spoons). 3. Your model cell consists of 6 chromosomes (3 homologous pairs). Use the string to form the cell membrane for your cell(s). Begin with two forks, two knives, and two spoons (one of each from each set) inside your string cell membrane as shown in the recording. Proceed through each of the steps of meiosis using your flatware â€Å"chromosomes.† Use the textbook pages 324-325 for help. Phase Modeling Interphase Replicate the DNA of your chromosomes by adding a second fork, knife, or spoon to each existing fork, knife, and spoon. Hold each pair of â€Å"chromatids† together with a rubber band (centromere). Prophase I Create tetrads (XX) by pairing homologous chromosomes (set them next to each other). Model crossing over as best you can given the model we are using. Metaphase I Line up your tetrads along the metaphase plate. Model independent assortment. Anaphase I Move the homologous chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase I You should have three chromosomes, knife, fork, and spoon, (each composed of two chromatids) in each of your two nuclei. Cytokinesis I Divide your cell membrane so that you have two daughter cells (two string circles for cells). Prophase II Check to make sure that each of your two cells contains three chromosomes made up of sister chromatids. Metaphase II Line your chromosomes up along the middle of each of your cells. Anaphase II Separate your sister chromatids (remove rubber band holding them together). Move one sister chromatid from each chromosome to opposite sides of your cell. Telophase II You should now have four nuclei, with three single chromosomes in each of the  cells. Cytokinesis II Divide your cell membranes so that you have four daughter cells (use more string). Data: Take 3 photos or create 3 drawings of your model as it looked in 3 different stages of meiosis as described in the table above. Indicate which stage of meiosis is shown in each photo/drawing. Include the photos or a scan of the sketches when you upload your lab to the drop box. Conclusion (6 points) 1. List the two code words that were given in the lab recording found on my message board. Chromosomes and fertilization 2. Does mitosis more closely resemble meiosis I or meiosis II? Explain your answer. More like Meiosis I because it only made two cells. 3. What is crossing over? When does it occur during meiosis? Why did you have difficulty modeling this element of meiosis using your â€Å"chromosomes?† Crossing over is the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. It occurs during prophase I. I had a hard time because you can’t really change the chromosomes so it was difficult to show. 4. Think about your modeling. Visually, what is the major difference between the separation of chromosomes between anaphase I and anaphase II There were four to separate then just two. 5. What is independent assortment? When does it occur during meiosis? How did you model this element of meiosis? 6. Which part of meiosis, meiosis I or meiosis II, is responsible for reducing the chromosome number by half in the cell? MEIOSIS II

My Favourite Peson Essay

My mother is the mostconfusing, weird, insane, and strangest person i know; she is also the most beautiful, caring, loving, and strongest figure in my life. She loves learning, and has been supportive in my diseases. She has taught me so many things about a natural lifestyles that I keep in mind day to day. I have manyinspirational people that surround me, but my mother’s crazy, creative, and supporting personality has made her my favorite person in the world. Just sitting with her brings me comfort. She smells of sweet coconut and her skin is warm and soft like soft cashmere. I love her laugh, and how her eyes shine optimistically and full of life. She has a way of making those crazy and stressful days melt away and leaves your soul content. Even when others speak ill of her, I never hear her returning such words. Right now she is miles away, yet I call her and her voice is as warm as her embrace. There is people in this world who deserve an award, and she is one of them. The way she has grown in the past few years astounds me. I can see it in her actions that she is stronger than i have ever seen her, and each time i see her she looks more beautiful than she did before. She is no ordinary woman. She dances around the house with the grace of a fish out of water, and she gets away with it. She remembers only parts of songs and movies, I found it irritating; but now all I want is to hear her sing her fragmented songs and dance all the time. My favorite memory of her is playing card games, we would play using weird accents that must be a cross between Russian, and Icelandic. I’m not sure anyone else could understand us, and frankly I am pretty sure someone would send us to Essandale if they were to see us. Particularly when we cooked a meal together and turned on the music, then the magic would really happen. Those are the memories I hold dear.I applaud my mother for her strength. My family tells me that I am like her, and if I am anything like her than I would not complain. Having a child at 18 can’t be easy, growing up I know she always tried her hardest to be thebest mother she could be. Having a child with 3 diseases must have taken a pretty big toll on her, yet she learned all she  could about them and provided the supportive lifestyle I needed to not let these diseases take control of me. She always tries to make the best out of a bad situation, and she has known her fare share of that. Even with battles of her own she would wipe her tears away and take away my sorrows. She has taught me so much, one thing I appreciate the most is her interest in natural products. Her interest has also brought a great many memories that I will never forget. She was starting to get into natural shampoo products,I believe she tried washing her hair with eggs and rinsing it with baking soda. She came out with her hair looking like Frankenstein, it really did feel like wire. She even tried to put oil in it to fix it, it made no difference. My mom has tried so many things, although many of her attempts did not work as planned she never stopped. Among one of her attempts was a body wash, it ended up as a lumpy concoction that looked that like glue and tapioca beads. She went on to create my favorite rejuvenating body wash with fresh mint and sweet thyme, and every time I smell it think of her. She has so many books on natural home remedies, that I am very thankful for. But the way she studies for hours and keeps going is truly epic, she is always eager to learn more and i s very determined. Through life we learn lessons, most of them are through people we meet and situations we endeavour. I think its the small things learned that make the difference in life. I learned so many things from her, and together they have made me who I am today. She may not be the most patient at times, but she has been very patient with me. My mother is my favorite person. They say a parents love just happens, I believe different. She has carved herself into my heart with a silken blade. Love and Respect cannot just be forced upon a person, but is a process like any relationship that is done with patience, acceptance, and frustration. I know I will be successful in my life, because of her. I have learned never to give up, even when the world is against you. Because of her compassion and forgiveness , I have come to know a lust for life and to feel content even when the worlds a blur.

Colleges and graduate schools

Gaining admission to colleges and graduate schools has become far more difficult, as the competition has increased dramatically over the past few years. Even perfect SAT, GRE, and other standardized test scores are no longer enough grant you the edge you need to be sure of acceptance.The admission essay service we provide is your surest way of getting noticed by the admissions committees at even the most prestigious schools. Our writers are highly experienced and have succeeded in giving the winning edge to hundreds of persons accepted into Ivy League institutions. We will craft your essay to your best advantage, guaranteed.Scholarship EssayWinning a scholarship out of a pool of the best applicants in any given year means your scholarship essay must be of stellar quality. Our highly trained and creative writers are perfectly attuned to the spoken and unspoken requirements of scholarship boards in all disciplines.In fact, many of our writers have themselves sat on scholarship boards a nd know what it takes to get you the coveted prize. We will maximize the effect of your accomplishments, taking care to correlate them with the board’s requirements so that you’ll definitely be seen as the most outstanding candidate.Personal StatementMany of the personal statements currently being drafted by applicants leave admissions committees bored with their unimaginative content. Our service bypasses those banal and formulaic methods by infusing your statement with rich variety and bold creativity.While we accurately portray your academic and extra-curricular activities, we also dig deeper to the major implications of these facts, in order to maximize the effect of your accomplishments. With our help, your statement will be at once profound, interesting and demonstrative of the great intellectual and creative capacity that will win the attention of the toughest admissions board.

Marginal costing techniques Essay

The cost of a product under marginal costing or variable costing includes only the variable costs of making the product. The variable costs include direct material, direct labour and variable overheads. Variable costs per unit approximate the marginal cost of making another unit of a product. Selling price minus variable costs adds up to contribution. Contribution is the amount of money available to cover the fixed costs and afterwards to contribute to profit. The fixed costs are treated as period costs and are expensed in the period incurred. Marginal costing can be used to assist in decision making in the following circumstances: acceptance of a special order, dropping a product, make or buy decision and to choose which product (mix) to produce when a limiting factor (resource) exists. The technique of marginal costing mainly concentrates on financial factors, for instance the company’s objective to maximise profit or to create wealth. But other non-financial or commercial implications with long term character are largely ignored. If a company decides whether it should drop a product or not, it is necessary to consider commercial factors. If it stops producing a product because of its profitability, it might upset customers who have bought this product over years. And it may happen that they start buying their whole products from competitors. A company should not think immediately about dropping a product when the demand is too low, since it is short term thinking to let thousands of customers go away. It should rather think about exceeding the demand. Further on, the product to be dropped may be a complementary one to another product made by the company. The problems of scarse resources can be compared with those of dropping a product. If an enterprise decides to make an optimum product mix (=profit maximising product mix), it might be in the position of not having enough resources to make a product with a lower contribution. The same effects of dropping a product could be a consequence. The acceptance of an order might depend on non-financial factors as well. The firm should consider if it could sell the products itself under another (low cost) label. Furthermore a company must pay attention to its price in the primary market because the orderer might offer the product either for a higher or lower price. Make or buy decisions are difficult because outsourcing always jeopardizes the jobs of those currently working for the  company and the quality of the job to be done. The firms’ image and thereby its sales are put in danger, if it makes frivolous redundancies. Moreover, the company has to make sure that it gets the same quality of output for less money to justify the outsourcing. In my opinion it is true that marginal costing ignores other relevant commercial factors. The contribution of a product on its own should not be decisive and is short term thinking. A company has to pay attention to customers, public and competitors as well. A long term strategy including financial and non-financial factors should be established to ensure a profitable and sustainable performance.