Rizal Poems Essay Example

Rizal Poems Paper You offer me currently to strike the lyre. That almost totally senseless individual and torn for such a long time has lain: And yet I can non wake the strain. Nor will the Muse one note motivate! Icily it shakes in accenta desperate. As though my mind itself to reshaping. Also, when its sound appears to be however to excursion A joke at its ain low plaint ; So in dismal confinement confined. My mind can neither experience nor sing. There was a period ah. t is unreasonably obvious †But that clasp some time in the past has past †When upon me the Muse had thrown Indulgent grinning and friendship’s due ; But of that age now all exorbitantly barely any The thoughts that with me yet will remain ; As from the long periods of gay show There wait on secretive notes. Also, in our minds the memory buoys Of minstrelsy and music gay. A works I am. that scarcely developed. Was removed from its Eastern bed. Where all around smell is shed. What's more, life however as a fantasy is known ; The land that I can name my ain. By me dismissed ne’er to be. Where trilling flying creatures their vocal instructed me. Also, Cascadess with their unending blast. And up and down the apreading shore The mumble of the sounding ocean. While yet in childhood’s cheerful twenty-four hours. I learned upon its Sun to grin. What's more, in my chest at that spot appears the piece Huming volcanic flames to play. A troubadour I was. my desire alway To name upon the brief air current. With all the power of verse and head: Go Forth. also, spread around its fire From zone to area with happy praise. Furthermore, Earth to paradise together tie! We will compose a custom exposition test on Rizal Poems explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Rizal Poems explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Rizal Poems explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Be that as it may, it I left. also, presently no more †Like a tree that is split and evaporated †My natal Gods bring the resonation away from vocals that in past occasions they bore ; Wide oceans I cross’d to outside shore. With any desire for adjustment and other fate ; My indiscretion waa clarified unreasonably delinquently. For in the topographic purpose of good I looked for The oceans reveal’d unto me nothing. In any case, made death’s phantom on me pause. All these affectionate deceptions that were mine. Upset love. all inclination. all emprise. Were left underneath the sprightly skies. Which o’er that elegant part brilliance ; So press no more that petition of thine. For vocals of affection from out a chest That without hesitating liea a thing separated ; Since now with tortur’d mind I flurry Unresting o’er the desert squander. Also, dormant gone is all the workmanship. To my Muse Summoned never again is the Muse. The lyre is out of day of the month ; The artists it no longer utilization. Also, youth its motivation presently permeates With other signifier and region. On the off chance that today our deceptions nothing Of verse would even now require. Helicon’s slope stays undesired ; And without mindfulness we however inquire. Why the java is non brought. In the topographic purpose of thought true That our Black Marias may understanding. We should prehend a pen of steel. Also, with verse and line awful Flinging abroad a joke and joke. Dream. that in the days of old enlivened me. What's more, with vocals of adoration hast terminated me ; Go thou presently to dull rest. For now in ignoble writing I should pick up the gold that employed me. Presently should I bite over profound. Ponder. furthermore, fight on ; E’en at times I should cry ; For he who love would keep up Great harming has experienced. Fled are the yearss of effectiveness. The yearss of Love’s delectation ; When blossoms despite everything would enjoyment And provide for suffering spirits suspension From harming and sorrow’s scourge. Individually they have passed on. All I adored and moved among ; Dead or marriedâ€from me gone. For all I place my chest upon By destiny unfriendly are irritated. Go 1000. unnecessarily. O Muse. withdraw. Different parts more attractive find ; For my property however offers craftsmanship For the shrub. ironss that predicament. For a sanctuary. detainment facilities daze. However, before thou leavest me. speak: State me with thy voice magnificent. Thou couldst ever from me look for A vocal of distress for the feeble. Rebellion to the tyrant’s offense. The Song of the Traveler Like to a foliage that is fallen and shriveled. Hurled by the tempest from shaft unto post ; Therefore wanders the traveler abroad without plan. Wanders without affection. without state or mind. Following precariously temperamental karma. Fortune which e en as he gets a handle on at it escapes ; Vain however the expectations that his aching is looking for. However does the traveler leave on the oceans Ever actuated by the unseeable force. Bound to move from the East toward the West ; Oft he recollects the essences of cherished 1s. Dreams of the twenty-four hours when he. exorbitantly. was at leftover portion. Opportunity may assign him a grave on the desert. Award him a closing asylum of harmony ; Soon by the universe and his state overlooked. God rest his mind when his rovings stop! Much of the time the lamenting traveler is begrudged. Revolving around the Earth like an ocean gull above ; Little. ok. little they comprehend what a nothingness Saddens his mind by the nonappearance of adoration. Home may the pioneer return in the great beyond. Back to his adored 1s his footfalls he twists ; Naught will he find yet the day off the remnants. Ashs of adoration and the grave of his companions. Pioneer. begone! Nor return more the great beyond. More bizarre thou craftsmanship in the place that is known for thy birth ; Others may sing of their adoration while joying. Thou one time again should roll o’er the Earth. Explorer. begone! Nor return more existence in the wake of death. Dry are the cryings that a piece for thee ran ; Pilgrim. begone! What's more, cover thine pain. Uproarious snickers the universe at the distresses of grown-up male. The Song of Maria Clara Sweet are the hours in one’s local land. Where everything is dearest the sunbeams favor ; Life-giving breezes clear the strand. Furthermore, perish is soften’ nutrient D by love’s touch. Warm busss play on her mother’s lips. On her affectionate. stamp chest awakening ; When unit of ammo her cervix the delicate arm false pass And splendid eyes grinning. all adoration sharing. Sweet is perish for one’s local land. Where everything is cherished the Sun shafts favor ; Dead is the breeze that clears the strand. Without a female parent. place. or on the other hand love’s touch.

Indicte behaviors that hold a team back and what role a leader ship Essay

Political Aspects of the Classical Age of Greece

Political Aspects of the Classical Age of Greece This is a short prologue to the Classical Age in Greece, a period that followed the Archaic Age and kept going through the making of a Greek realm, by Alexander the Great. The Classical Age was portrayed by the vast majority of the social ponders that we partner with old Greece. It compares with the time of the stature of majority rules system, the blossoming of Greek catastrophe, and the compositional wonders about Athens. The Classical Age of Greece starts either with the fall of the Athenian dictator Hippias, child of Peisistratos/Pisistratus, in 510 B.C., or the Persian Wars, which the Greeks battled against the Persians in Greece and Asia Minor from 490-479 B.C. At the point when you think about the film 300, youre considering one of the fights battled during the Persian Wars. Solon, Peisistratus, Cleisthenes, and the Rise of Democracy At the point when the Greeks embraced majority rule government it wasnt a short-term undertaking or an issue of tossing out rulers. The procedure created and changed after some time. The Classical Age of Greece closes with the passing of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. Other than war and success, in the Classical time frame, the Greeks created incredible writing, verse, theory, dramatization, and workmanship. This was the point at which the class of history was first settled. It likewise created the foundation we are aware of as Athenian majority rule government. Alexander the Great Profile The Macedonians Philip and Alexander shut down the intensity of the individual city-states simultaneously they spread the way of life of the Greeks right to the Indian Sea. Ascent of Democracy One of a kind commitment of the Greeks, vote based system kept going past the Classical time frame and had its underlying foundations in the prior time, yet it despite everything described the Classical age. During the period before the Classical Age, in what is once in a while called the Archaic Age, Athens and Sparta had followed various ways. Sparta had two rulers and an oligarchic government while Athens had established vote based system. Historical background of Oligarchy oligos few arche rule Historical underpinnings of Democracy demos the individuals of a nation krateo rule A Spartan lady reserved the option to possess property, while, in Athens, she had not many opportunities. In Sparta, people served the state; in Athens, they served the Oikos family/family. Historical background of Economy Economy oikos home nomos custom, use, mandate Men were prepared in Sparta to be brisk warriors and in Athens to be open speakers. Persian Wars In spite of a practically unending arrangement of contrasts, the Hellenes from Sparta, Athens, and somewhere else battled together against the monarchical Persian Empire. In 479 they repulsed the numerically mightier Persian power from the Greek terrain. Peloponnesian and Delian Alliances For the following barely any decades after the finish of the Persian Wars, relations between the 2 significant poleis city-states disintegrated. The Spartans, who had prior been the unchallenged pioneers of the Greeks, suspected Athens (another maritime intensity) of attempting to assume responsibility for the entirety of Greece. The majority of the poleis on the Peloponnese aligned with Sparta. Athens was at the leader of the poleis in the Delian League. Its individuals were along the shore of the Aegean Sea and on islands in it. The Delian League at first had been framed against the Persian Empire, however thinking that its rewarding, Athens changed it into its own realm. Pericles, the preeminent legislator of Athens from 461-429, presented installment for open workplaces so a greater amount of the populace than simply the rich could hold them. Pericles started the structure of the Parthenon, which was directed by the celebrated Athenian stone worker Pheidias. Dramatization and theory prospered. Peloponnesian War and Its Aftermath Strains between the Peloponnesian and Delian unions mounted. The Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 and went on for a long time. Pericles, alongside numerous others, kicked the bucket of plague right off the bat in the war. Significantly after the finish of the Peloponnesian War, which Athens lost, Thebes, Sparta, and Athens kept on alternating as the prevailing Greek force. Rather than one of them turning into the reasonable pioneer, they dispersed their quality and fell prey to the realm building Macedonian ruler Phillip II and his child Alexander the Great. History specialists of the Archaic and Classical Period HerodotusPlutarchStraboPausaniasThucydidesDiodorus SiculusXenophonDemosthenesAeschinesNeposJustin History specialists of the Period When Greece Was Dominated by the Macedonians DiodorusJustinThucydidesArrian sections of Arrian found in PhotiusDemosthenesAeschinesPlutarch

Analysis of the Painting Dying Mazzini Essay Example For Students

Examination of the Painting Dying Mazzini Essay His entire body is enveloped with a bit of dim plaid shawl with just his hands exposed?left hand delicately laying to his right side. In this paper, Will give you how Legal effectively constructed this serene scene of death through his cautious control of hues, surface and piece in the artwork, with the goal that watchers don't feel discouraged when remaining before it. The shading tone of this artwork is commonly cool and quieted. Legitimate paints the foundation with enormous bits of light blue and green, which possess practically 50% of his work, and the sheets are consistently white; even the plaid shawl covering on Magazines body is cool dark. As a rule, cool hues will in general have a quieting and consoling impact upon individuals. Since this work of art is tending to death, it is sensible that it may summon some negative sentiments, which against Legals reason for making a tranquil demise scene, so he cleverly uses the visual solace that cool shade produces to kill and parity the dismal emotions that are related with the subject of the artwork. This is one explanation that this work looks so serene and the watchers don't feel discouraged before it; even it is a work with such overwhelming topic. However it is additionally exceptionally fascinating that Legal uses some warm hues on this painting?Manikins dark red sleeve. Is Legal breaking the equalization here? All things considered, we can decipher it allegorically. As the name of the artwork The Dying Amazing proposes, Amazing, in this work of art, isn't yet dead. So as to show a withering Amazing rather than a dead Amazing, Legal, utilizes the dark shawl and the dark sweater to inconspicuously infer the shadow of death wrapping Amazing, and Magazines revealed dark red sleeve, then again, proposes the next to no time he stays on the planet. Along these lines, the complexity among arm and cool hues gives the work of art some energetic variety, yet in addition superbly represents the procedure of Magazines passing. Other than the viable use tot hues, Legal is likewise acceptable at using surface to accomplish the specific emotions he needs to impart in watchers. In this artistic creation, textures involve about stop whole arrangement. Astonishing is propped up on vivo recognizable white pads, his chest area is enveloped with his plaid shawl and his legs are secured by the sheet. Lawful appends extraordinary significance to the surface of the textures so as to pressure their delicate and thick qualities. Watchers normally would react to this with change and agreeable emotions, which are inverse to the general sentiments of death, a subject people constantly partner with chill and agony. In addition, since the surfaces of the cushions and sheet in this composition are so genuine and substantial that watchers could without much of a stretch obfuscate Magazines demise with resting in the event that they don't peruse the title first. In spite of the fact that passing is a wretched point, dozing is constantly a pleasant thing to everybody, so by underlining the surface Of textures to make a vague scene, which may infer demise can be as characteristic and Rene as resting, Legal, effectively diminishes the negative emotions that the artwork may affect on watchers. Besides, the sythesis of this canvas is very basic yet all around considered. Instead of utilization overstated delineations like emotional lights or dramatic signals to reinforce the visual effect of Magazines passing, Legal just sets up a basic room setting, a clear foundation and a normally situated Amazing figure. Its value referencing that Magazines hands are painstakingly organized in a casual manner. Hand signals are regularly a dependable pointer tot ones state of mind. For instance, furious and excruciating individuals might want to hold their clench hands; neo. Oho and undermined individuals might want to tremble their hands. In this artistic creation, Magazines hands are very relaxed?one hand delicately covers on the other, a modest motion indicating that Amazing isn't experiencing his passing by any stretch of the imagination. He is increasingly similar to a man who has composedly acknowledged his fate, discreetly sitting tight for the appearance of his last second. To hi m, passing isn't excruciating. In general, The Dying Amazing is such an extraordinary work, that truly catches the harmony and peacefulness of Manikins passing.

Shakespeare s Othello The Downfall Of The Moor Othello Essay Example For Students

Shakespeare s Othello : The Downfall Of The Moor Othello Essay William Shakespeare’s Othello follows the ruin of the Moor Othello and those related with him. Othello’s ensign, Iago, causes the death of Othello as recompense for not being picked as Othello’s lieutenant. Shakespeare makes Iago a puppeteer it might be said so he may control everyone around him without getting captured, up until his own death. Through the control of the individuals around him, and Othello’s feelings and frailties, Iago figures out how to totally demolish the lives of Othello, Desdemona, Roderigo, Emilia, and everybody influenced by the guiltless passings. Shakespeare utilizes symbolism, phrasing, and the foe to uncover the impacts of control and envy on adoration, just as the significance of recognizing appearance versus reality. Iago can control Othello’s contemplations and activities by utilizing Othello’s feelings and instabilities against him. Iago legitimately assaults Othello’s skin shading when he discloses to Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, â€Å"Even now†¦an old dark slam/Is tupping your white ewe. Emerge, emerge! /†¦Or else the fallen angel will make a grandsire of you.† (I.i.97-100). Iago looks at Othello to an old dark smash and a fallen angel while he analyzes Desdemona to a white ewe, featuring the racial contrasts between the couple. Despite the fact that Othello is the leader of the Venetian armed force, he is still on occasion victimized for his brown complexion. Othello’s union with Desdemona is likewise influenced by this segregation on the grounds that despite the fact that Othello is an upstanding resident and a decent patch, he is viewed as unfit to be hitched as a result of his skin shading. Othello adds to the prejudice against him by accepting that Desdemona can't adore him since his skin isn't pale like hers or Cassio’s. Their marriage starts to endure in light of the fact that Othell. . at he finds in his psyche, put there by Iago, be what he uses to choose what to do as opposed to holding back to really get Desdemona and Cassio taking part in an extramarital entanglements. The whole disaster could have been maintained a strategic distance from if Othello had not given Iago access to his psyche, and on the off chance that he would have depended on what he had seen himself as opposed to depending on what Iago would let him know. Works CitedCohen, Derek. Man centric society And Jealousy In Othello And The Winter s Tale. Present day Language Quarterly 48.3 (1987): 207. Scholarly Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2016.Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square, 1993. Print.Lenson, Barry Kenneth Ruge. The Othello Response: Conquering Jealousy, Betrayal And Rage In Your Relationship (Book). Library Journal 128.19 (2003): 86. Scholarly Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2016.

Overcoming the Fear of Flying

Overcoming the Fear of Flying Phobias Types Print Aerophobia: the Fear of Flying Symptoms, Related Conditions, and Treatment Options By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by on February 10, 2020 Frederic Cirou / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Aerophobia, or the fear of flying, may be associated with numerous other phobias, but sometimes it appears on its own. The fear of flying is estimated to affect as many as one in three people, although a full-blown phobia is significantly less common. Travel delays, common when flying at popular times, can make the fear of flying worse. Whether or not your fear of flying has developed into a phobia, it can have devastating effects on your quality of life. Symptoms The symptoms of aerophobia, also known as aviophobia, are similar to those of any specific phobia. Physical symptoms of the fear of flying may include: ShakingSweatingGastrointestinal distressHeart palpitationsFlushed skinFeeling disorientedClouded thinkingIrritability Some people with a fear of flying are reasonably comfortable at the airport, but begin to experience symptoms just before boarding the plane. Others have difficulty that begins as soon as they reach the airport. Anticipatory anxiety, in which you start experiencing the fear of flying long before a scheduled flight, is extremely common. Related Phobias The fear of flying may be caused or worsened if you have certain other phobias, including: Claustrophobia:  People with claustrophobia often experience a fear of flying due to the confined quarters and lack of personal space.Social or germ phobia:  Those with social phobia or fear of germs often develop a fear of flying because they will be forced to spend long periods of time with strangers.Fear of heights:  A general fear of heights can also lead to a fear of flying. Related Physical Conditions Some physical disorders can lead to a fear of flying, including: Sinus or middle-ear blockage, which can cause pain or dizziness during flight.Having a cold, chronic sinus problems, or conditions such as vertigo or ear disorders  can cause a very real fear of developing physical discomfort.Cardiovascular disease or other conditions that increase your risk of blood clots, which can cause  concerns about developing deep vein thrombosis during a flight. Talk to your doctor about any physical conditions prior to your flight to develop a plan of action to minimize risk and discomfort. Causes A fear of flying that is not caused by medical concerns or other phobias may be caused by a range of factors, including: Experiencing a traumatic flight or plane crash:  Even watching extensive news coverage of airline disasters can be enough to trigger a fear of flying. For example, much of the country developed at least a minimal fear of flying in the wake of the September 11 attacks.Environment:  If your parents suffered from a fear of flying, you may have internalized their trepidation. This is a particularly common cause of aerophobia in children  but affects many adults as well. You might pick up the fear of flying from another relative or friend, but parents seem to have the biggest influence on phobias.Other related circumstances:  Your aerophobia might also be rooted in an entirely different conflict. For example, a fear of flying that develops soon after a job promotion that requires travel could be caused by concerns about the job itself or its impact on your daily life. Likewise, children who must fly frequently to visit divorced parents sometimes develop aerophobia as a coping mechanism fo r the trauma of the divorce. Overcoming the Fear of Flying Fortunately, the fear of flying is relatively easy to treat, even without knowing the underlying cause. Some common treatments include: Group classes: If you do not suffer from other physical or psychological disorders, you may be a good candidate for a fear of flying course. These classes typically last two or three days, often over a weekend, and use techniques of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to treat a large group simultaneously. They are available in many major cities.Individual therapy: Individual cognitive-behavioral therapy,  hypnotherapy, and virtual reality techniques can also improve your fear of flying.Education: Learning about how airplanes work, why turbulence happens, and what various sounds and bumps mean can also help.Exposure: Experts agree that the best way to overcome the fear of flying is controlled exposure, whether thats through virtual reality, a flight simulation, or actually flying.Anxiety management techniques: Learning how to breathe deeply, recognize panicked and irrational thoughts and correct them, and finding other ways to cope such as listening to music, taking an anti-anxiety me dication, or reading magazines, can all help manage aerophobia. Treatment Can Boost Your Quality of Life If you are experiencing a fear of flying, its best to make an appointment with a qualified mental health professional. He or she can diagnose the phobia, determine whether you have any concurrent disorders, and develop an individualized treatment plan. The fear of flying can have a devastating impact on your quality of life. With proper treatment, however, you can learn to manage and even beat this common phobia.

Long-Term Strategies for Management of Personnel - 2200 Words

Long-Term Strategies for Management of Personnel (Research Paper Sample) Content: Long-Term Strategies for Management of Personnel Student's Name Institution Long-Term Strategies for Management of Personnel During the recruitment process, Human Resource Managers should do their best to pick applicants with positive attitudes, substantial experience and references supporting their capabilities to perform in a job environment. Regrettably, even the top candidates may have coincidences that make them tough to work with in daily operations. However, these concurrences and other challenges are not necessarily worth dismissing a candidate. A company may have a talented programmer, for instance, who often completes his assignment in time and does not bother being salaried less compared to his counterparts. Nonetheless, this person sometimes is hard and openly declines some request to cooperate. Managers should, therefore, develop a strategy to create a healthy relationship with all types of personnel. Some resistances are inherently good and may aid people to understand the variations in outlooks. Some unmanageable employees may even make it problematic to develop a productive team as leaders try to retain the organization's reputation as well as the integrity of the original goals (Abraham Bowdidge, 2014). The following describes some common long-term strategies for personnel management in a place of work: Setting Firm Written Expectations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Managers are required to be clear in the first stages of interaction that certain things cannot be negotiated. Setting expectations before any issues guarantee no confusions or surprises in case those expectations are implemented (Bechet, 2013). For instance, once fresh recruitment has been concluded, ensure the personnel knows that working from home is acceptable, but only once an immediate supervisor has been notified within 24-hours. If a worker fails to comply, he should be told again that the firm policy was clarified upfront. In general, a warning remains a sensible first step of action, but if infringements are repeated, sacking could be warranted. Prioritize your Requirements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Once a supervisor realizes that the worker might resist at least some requests, a clarification should be given concerning which directions are essential and which ones could be discussable. For instance, when a meeting has been organized with a problematic worker with the reason to make sure that the forthcoming deadline is met, reliability issue reversed, numerous meetings attended, the cutoff date matter would be undeniably the most demanding. Bechet (2013) article suggest that it is more sensible for a supervisor to provide lenience in the less crucial areas, to allow a worker to miss the subsequent meeting and have some ease in the arrival time, provided the deadline is met. This strategy demonstrates readiness to compromise in minor concerns, with the aim to take outright priority. Find Alternatives - Some things in business are just black and white. When the impending deadline is met, the customer would be pleased; and if there is a failure, the customer might leave. Consequently, time management is critical. Thus, senior administrators can ask personnel to arrive early every day one week to make sure that this deadline is met. Nevertheless, unmanageable workers could resist. Rather than forcing the non-morning individuals to conform, always remind them that the time limit is compulsory, and ask them for a voluntary solution to make certain it is met (Abraham et al., 2014). Document Improvement Plans - If a staff challenges all request or otherwise is unbearable to manage in any possible way, her recognized problems should be documented, and recovery plan developed. According to Mone (2012) explanation, a manager may work with the personnel on a ninety-day plan, with four first improvements to her performance and behavior. After those ninety elapses, another meeting is held, and transformation points are examined. If there an improvement is realized, the employee's problems are addressed. If there is no improvement, dismissal is reasonable. This helps the company to manage long-term employees primarily to improve their efficiency. Use Peer Pressure - If several of team members are manageable and are straightforward to work with, they could be utilized as role models to help the problematic employees emulate. If three of the company's genius workers adhere to new policies and there is an excellent performance, reward them openly with a free dinner or something related. Ultimately, the problematic employees might learn that adhering to management rules bears positive outcomes, and he or she would gradually adjust to conventional standards set by the organization (Abraham et al., 2014). Some employees are just easier to manage than tsome while some difficult-to-manage personnel necessitate more effort. In case a more problematic staff is retained for long-term purposes, a little more patient is required to get things work. Design Economic Motivations - Designing economic incentives allows employees to gain from them. There has been a trend for much management to concentrate on most profoundly on senior level financial motivations. Whereas this is entirely understandable, it is best not to abandon significant incentives for junior workers, especially when they are expected to dedicate dynamically to the company's success. To the disagreement that this would be disproportionately costly, a program must be carefully designed, so extra payouts make public apparently the defined revenue targets (Bechet, 2013). Adequate Training - Lastly, managers should ensure that all organizational levels get proper training. There is a culture for enterprises to venture heavily in leadership training as they pay attention far less on middle-class managers and supervisors. From an experience point of view, training all levels of employees ensures an organization improves employees' knowledge in readiness for future utilization (Mone, 2012). Problems Associated Strategy for Personnel Management Discipline Consistent with Abraham et al. (2014) studies, disciplines in a corporation is projected to encourage a minimum desirable behavior by workers. It safeguards smooth operation and helps to build a healthy working environment when rules and regulations are complied with. In contrast, employee's indiscipline and misconduct affect every stakeholder comprising managers, fellow workers, suppliers, and customers. Indiscipline is widely perceived and is noticeable among the employees. The senior officials, who returned to their families far from their work stations on Friday, tend to arrive very late the next Monday or might opt to stay back until Tuesday. The junior staff members who indirectly or directly observe this usually emulate such absenteeism behavior. Little or no interest in assignment has turned into a rule instead of an exemption. Offices have been transformed into a market where officers sell their goods freely. The regulation that guides professional ethics and moral conduct appear to have become cobweb that is too helpless to counter nefarious activities of the personnel. Indiscriminate lustful wishes are apparent among employees (Bechet, 2013). The professional relationship between junior and senior officers has been stained. Strict directives handed down from executive to the bottom are either treated with levity or not followed due to the wicked relation between the subordi nates and bosses. Also, official duties are viewed as an extra time of private leisure. Moreover, laisser-faire attitude to work has halted the efficiency of corporations and has radically affected their performance. Solutions and Responses Developing a policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It is significant for a business to possess a policy manual that describes the minimum tolerated behavior in different contexts, such as attendance, employee relations, leave, sexual harassment and others. The law must be routinely updated, revised and shared with every personnel. The repercussion of breaching the policy has to be conversed to workers. Again, everyone must be treated equally as far as disciplinary action is concerned regardless of one's rank. The company should stick to corrective disciplinary actions instead of punitive disciplinary (Mone, 2012). Abuse of Sick Time Sick leave for an employee, whether it is the legal or not-so-legal cause, has become a leading issue for several industries and organizations globally. Every year, it cost firms all over the world billions of dollars. Moreover, public sector employees in several countries take a significantly higher percentage of sick time than their private correspondents, implying that it is even more expensive for tax payers and governments (Abraham et al., 2014). Sick time delay work, making projects to lag behind plans. They create nervousness for other employees, who have to compensate for lost production. And since other persons might want to work overtime to make up for days lost, they increase the extra time bills. Solutions and Responses First, a memo is sent by managers to all workers to remind them regarding the organization's policy on absenteeism and sick leave. Bechet (2013) report stated that a manager should advise his personnel about considerable sick time and utilization, as well as the highest number of days permitted annually. Equally, information concerning the punishments employees may expect if they continuously misuse sick time must be highlighted. Second, there should be a requirement of staff to contact company manager or immediate supervisor in case they called in sick. Particular teams are more probable to abuse sick time if they do not communicate with a superintendent. Workers who have greater than the maximum days of tolerated absences need to be obliged to produce documentations, ... Long-Term Strategies for Management of Personnel - 2200 Words Long-Term Strategies for Management of Personnel (Research Paper Sample) Content: Long-Term Strategies for Management of Personnel Student's Name Institution Long-Term Strategies for Management of Personnel During the recruitment process, Human Resource Managers should do their best to pick applicants with positive attitudes, substantial experience and references supporting their capabilities to perform in a job environment. Regrettably, even the top candidates may have coincidences that make them tough to work with in daily operations. However, these concurrences and other challenges are not necessarily worth dismissing a candidate. A company may have a talented programmer, for instance, who often completes his assignment in time and does not bother being salaried less compared to his counterparts. Nonetheless, this person sometimes is hard and openly declines some request to cooperate. Managers should, therefore, develop a strategy to create a healthy relationship with all types of personnel. Some resistances are inherently good and may aid people to understand the variations in outlooks. Some unmanageable employees may even make it problematic to develop a productive team as leaders try to retain the organization's reputation as well as the integrity of the original goals (Abraham Bowdidge, 2014). The following describes some common long-term strategies for personnel management in a place of work: Setting Firm Written Expectations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Managers are required to be clear in the first stages of interaction that certain things cannot be negotiated. Setting expectations before any issues guarantee no confusions or surprises in case those expectations are implemented (Bechet, 2013). For instance, once fresh recruitment has been concluded, ensure the personnel knows that working from home is acceptable, but only once an immediate supervisor has been notified within 24-hours. If a worker fails to comply, he should be told again that the firm policy was clarified upfront. In general, a warning remains a sensible first step of action, but if infringements are repeated, sacking could be warranted. Prioritize your Requirements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Once a supervisor realizes that the worker might resist at least some requests, a clarification should be given concerning which directions are essential and which ones could be discussable. For instance, when a meeting has been organized with a problematic worker with the reason to make sure that the forthcoming deadline is met, reliability issue reversed, numerous meetings attended, the cutoff date matter would be undeniably the most demanding. Bechet (2013) article suggest that it is more sensible for a supervisor to provide lenience in the less crucial areas, to allow a worker to miss the subsequent meeting and have some ease in the arrival time, provided the deadline is met. This strategy demonstrates readiness to compromise in minor concerns, with the aim to take outright priority. Find Alternatives - Some things in business are just black and white. When the impending deadline is met, the customer would be pleased; and if there is a failure, the customer might leave. Consequently, time management is critical. Thus, senior administrators can ask personnel to arrive early every day one week to make sure that this deadline is met. Nevertheless, unmanageable workers could resist. Rather than forcing the non-morning individuals to conform, always remind them that the time limit is compulsory, and ask them for a voluntary solution to make certain it is met (Abraham et al., 2014). Document Improvement Plans - If a staff challenges all request or otherwise is unbearable to manage in any possible way, her recognized problems should be documented, and recovery plan developed. According to Mone (2012) explanation, a manager may work with the personnel on a ninety-day plan, with four first improvements to her performance and behavior. After those ninety elapses, another meeting is held, and transformation points are examined. If there an improvement is realized, the employee's problems are addressed. If there is no improvement, dismissal is reasonable. This helps the company to manage long-term employees primarily to improve their efficiency. Use Peer Pressure - If several of team members are manageable and are straightforward to work with, they could be utilized as role models to help the problematic employees emulate. If three of the company's genius workers adhere to new policies and there is an excellent performance, reward them openly with a free dinner or something related. Ultimately, the problematic employees might learn that adhering to management rules bears positive outcomes, and he or she would gradually adjust to conventional standards set by the organization (Abraham et al., 2014). Some employees are just easier to manage than tsome while some difficult-to-manage personnel necessitate more effort. In case a more problematic staff is retained for long-term purposes, a little more patient is required to get things work. Design Economic Motivations - Designing economic incentives allows employees to gain from them. There has been a trend for much management to concentrate on most profoundly on senior level financial motivations. Whereas this is entirely understandable, it is best not to abandon significant incentives for junior workers, especially when they are expected to dedicate dynamically to the company's success. To the disagreement that this would be disproportionately costly, a program must be carefully designed, so extra payouts make public apparently the defined revenue targets (Bechet, 2013). Adequate Training - Lastly, managers should ensure that all organizational levels get proper training. There is a culture for enterprises to venture heavily in leadership training as they pay attention far less on middle-class managers and supervisors. From an experience point of view, training all levels of employees ensures an organization improves employees' knowledge in readiness for future utilization (Mone, 2012). Problems Associated Strategy for Personnel Management Discipline Consistent with Abraham et al. (2014) studies, disciplines in a corporation is projected to encourage a minimum desirable behavior by workers. It safeguards smooth operation and helps to build a healthy working environment when rules and regulations are complied with. In contrast, employee's indiscipline and misconduct affect every stakeholder comprising managers, fellow workers, suppliers, and customers. Indiscipline is widely perceived and is noticeable among the employees. The senior officials, who returned to their families far from their work stations on Friday, tend to arrive very late the next Monday or might opt to stay back until Tuesday. The junior staff members who indirectly or directly observe this usually emulate such absenteeism behavior. Little or no interest in assignment has turned into a rule instead of an exemption. Offices have been transformed into a market where officers sell their goods freely. The regulation that guides professional ethics and moral conduct appear to have become cobweb that is too helpless to counter nefarious activities of the personnel. Indiscriminate lustful wishes are apparent among employees (Bechet, 2013). The professional relationship between junior and senior officers has been stained. Strict directives handed down from executive to the bottom are either treated with levity or not followed due to the wicked relation between the subordi nates and bosses. Also, official duties are viewed as an extra time of private leisure. Moreover, laisser-faire attitude to work has halted the efficiency of corporations and has radically affected their performance. Solutions and Responses Developing a policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It is significant for a business to possess a policy manual that describes the minimum tolerated behavior in different contexts, such as attendance, employee relations, leave, sexual harassment and others. The law must be routinely updated, revised and shared with every personnel. The repercussion of breaching the policy has to be conversed to workers. Again, everyone must be treated equally as far as disciplinary action is concerned regardless of one's rank. The company should stick to corrective disciplinary actions instead of punitive disciplinary (Mone, 2012). Abuse of Sick Time Sick leave for an employee, whether it is the legal or not-so-legal cause, has become a leading issue for several industries and organizations globally. Every year, it cost firms all over the world billions of dollars. Moreover, public sector employees in several countries take a significantly higher percentage of sick time than their private correspondents, implying that it is even more expensive for tax payers and governments (Abraham et al., 2014). Sick time delay work, making projects to lag behind plans. They create nervousness for other employees, who have to compensate for lost production. And since other persons might want to work overtime to make up for days lost, they increase the extra time bills. Solutions and Responses First, a memo is sent by managers to all workers to remind them regarding the organization's policy on absenteeism and sick leave. Bechet (2013) report stated that a manager should advise his personnel about considerable sick time and utilization, as well as the highest number of days permitted annually. Equally, information concerning the punishments employees may expect if they continuously misuse sick time must be highlighted. Second, there should be a requirement of staff to contact company manager or immediate supervisor in case they called in sick. Particular teams are more probable to abuse sick time if they do not communicate with a superintendent. Workers who have greater than the maximum days of tolerated absences need to be obliged to produce documentations, ...

Labor Laws And Labor Policies - 985 Words

Introduction Current labor laws are capable of dealing with labor-management problems. There are many labor laws in the United States that govern employment policies and practices. These laws cover a variety of industries and its workers, and should not be abolished. Five important labor laws that have further clarified labor-management roles includes: Norris LaGuardia, Wagner, Taft-Hartley, Landrum-Griffin, and the Civil Service Reform Act, Title VII. Fossum (2009), states that these five laws â€Å"enables collective bargaining, regulate labor and management activities, and limit intervention by the federal courts in lawful union activities† (p89). Fossum was demonstrating how the laws brought about changes in labor management practices. These laws were mentioned because each one was significant in their ability to bring about change in labor relations through amended legislation. The Workplace Prior to Labor Laws One of the first federal labor laws was the Norris LaGuardia Law of 1932. This law supported organized labor even though it had limited powers at the time. The Society of Human Resource Management [SHRM], (2016), considered it â€Å"a significant victory in labor reform† (SHRM, 2016). This law was a major breakthrough in the 20th century. Prior to the Norris LaGuardia Law of 1932, employees did not have an advocate in the workplace. Employees were thrown in jail and fined if they chose to strike or picket against their employer. The employer would go to courtShow MoreRelated Leadership Ethics and Culture Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization. Leaders and employees only engaged in unethical behavior and business practices when conducting business with third world countries. The company had established ethics policies and stated that compliance and integrity was at the core of everything the company does. Furthermore, according to the company’s ethics poli cies, everyone from the top to the bottom would be held to a high ethical standard and violator would be punished (KBR, 2012). According to Boje and Khan (2009) Nike a global, multiculturalRead MoreImmigration Policies Of The United Arab Emirates982 Words   |  4 Pagesthe sphere of immigration policies. A few examples are Italy, Japan and United Arab Emirates. Now that being said all of these places aren’t necessarily unfavorable places for immigrants, they are just found to still hold restricting policies. These policies include paying money for immigrants to leave, detaining them, and refusing rights. Through all established immigration policies there is heavy debate and controversy, but it’s usually pretty easy to agree on policies that come off as too harshRead MoreLabor Unions And The Civil War Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesLabor unions have existed in one way or another since the birth of our country in 1776. They were created in an effort to protect the working population from abuses such as sweatshops and unsafe working conditions. From the start of our Nation there were a few unio ns organized unions in a scattered fashion, but many were disbanded after they had achieved their goals, such as when the printers and shoemakers briefly unionized in Philadelphia and New York City in 1778 to conduct the first recordedRead MoreThe Law Of The United States1512 Words   |  7 Pagesthe NLRA to find another similar job as soon as possible to mitigate damages or risk the being awarded back pay or the legally unsupported Brown University case, decided by one of the most conservative Boards in recent history, held, â€Å"as a matter of policy,† that graduate student workers were students and, and, therefore, could not be employees as defined by the NLRA. Republic Steel, Dannin, supra note 44 at 260–63. Id. See Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 220 (1938) (holding that the powerRead MoreHuman Trafficking Supply Chain Risk1160 Words   |  5 Pagesof debt bondage, forced labor, and involuntary child labor. Human Trafficking is also a supply chain issue. Human trafficking in the supply chain may take many forms. For example; a consumer might stay at a hotel where the sheets were made from cotton harvested by migrant farmers who work with no water and no rest. Consume a chocolate they found on their pillow, made from cocoa beans picked using child labor. Order shrimp for dinner which was fished using forced labor and where the dishwashersRead MoreA Social Media Policy724 Words   |  3 PagesThere are a number of governmental policies and regulations in place for employers to consider when developing, implementing and enforcing a social media policy. In contrast, the lack of a social media policy leaves an employer at a loss in regards to their avenues of disciplinary action towards employees who take to social media. The governmental policies revolve around the Constitutional right of the First Amendment and the freedom of speech. While this provides some protection for employees thereRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The United Nations Human Rights1162 Words   |  5 Pagessexual exploitation to punishing exploitation in itself. It names forced labor, sexual exploitation, the illegal removal of organs, servitude or practices similar to slavery as forms of exploitation. Germany became a party to the Protocol on 14 June 2006. Germany is also a party to The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings of 16 May 2005. This is the first convention under international law which gives priority to protecting the victims. It incorporates the principleRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The New Era Of Slavery947 Words   |  4 Pagestrafficking is the new era of slavery! Human trafficking is a horrifying issue happening so close to home and it is increasing by the minute. Many Texas citizens are unaware of human trafficking happening right in their own backyards. Sex trafficking and labor trafficking are to be the most popular types of human trafficking in the United States. In Texas there are man y more domestic victims than illegal immigrant victims of Human Trafficking. However, the Lone Star state has been and continues to be aRead MoreThe Labor Movement During The Nineteenth Century903 Words   |  4 PagesThe labor movement and the need to organize as a united voice for worker’s rights came about during the nineteenth century. During this time, worker’s faced long hours which turned into long workweeks, often times requiring workers to work six days a week with ten or more hours per day for very low wages and in conditions that were unsafe or unhealthy. In most cases, workers were at the mercy of the companies that employed them and had few options to improve their work conditions and even less recourseRead MoreChild Labor Is Work That Harms Children1359 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is child labor exactly? Well, child labor is work that harms children and keeps them from attending school. Around the world and in the U.S., growing gaps between rich and poor in recent decades have forced millions or young children out of school and into slavery like work. The international labor organization estimates that 215 million children between the ages 5-17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal,hazardous, or extremely exploitative. Underage children work all

Global Warming Global Climate Change - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8406 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? Global Warming Thesis CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Climate change in today’s age is representing the latest in a series of environmental drivers of human conflict that have been identified in recent decades, following others that include drought, desertification, land degradation, failing water supplies, deforestation, fisheries depletion, and even ozone depletion. By the 1990s, climate modeling had become more sophisticated and actual patterns of change in regional climate conditions were observed more closely after which policy-makers began accepting that ways must be found to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Doing so would necessitate drastic changes to the use of fossil fuels due to which climate change quickly became an economic and energy policy issue. But in just the past few years, the language of climate change has shifted once again. Climate change is now being recast as a threat to international peace and security. Presently, the effects of climate chan ge are being felt: temperatures are rising, icecaps and glaciers are melting and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and more intense. The risks posed by climate change are real and its impacts are already taking place. The UN estimates that all but one of its emergency appeals for humanitarian aid in 2007 was climate related. In 2007 the UN Security Council held its first debate on climate change and its implications for international security. With advancements in technology, the science of climate change is better understood. The findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change demonstrate that even if by 2050 emissions would be reduced to below half of 1990 levels, a temperature rise of up to 2? C above pre-industrial levels will be difficult to avoid. Such a temperature increase will pose serious security risks that would increase if warming continues. Unmitigated climate change beyond 2? C will lead to unprecedented security scenarios as it is like ly to trigger a number of tipping points that would lead to further accelerated, irreversible and largely unpredictable climate changes. Investment in mitigation to avoid such scenarios, as well as ways to adapt to the unavoidable should go hand in hand with addressing the international security threats created by climate change. The reference point of this paper is the effect of global warming on international security which today is best viewed as a threat multiplier that exacerbates existing trends, tensions and instability. The core challenge is that climate change threatens to overburden states and regions which are already fragile and conflict prone Scope: In order to understand the implications of global warming, this paper will briefly explain the global warming phenomena, its causes, impacts, and subsequently its effects on internal security. Thereafter, the paper will go on to briefly describe the effects on various areas around the globe and will conclude the paper by stating the international response to this ever growing threat and suggest possible remedial actions. CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL WARMING-CAUSES AND IMPACTS Global Warming is defined as the increase of the average temperature on Earth. As the Earth is getting hotter, disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods are getting more frequent. Over the last 100 years, the average temperature of the air near the Earth? s surface has risen a little less than 1 ° Celsius (0. 74  ± 0. 18 °C, or 1. 3  ± 0. 2 ° Fahrenheit). It is responsible for the conspicuous increase in storms, floods and raging forest fires we have seen in the last ten years. Data shows that an increase of one degree Celsius makes the Earth warmer now than it has been for at least a thousand years. Out of the 20 warmest years on record, 19 have occurred since 1980. The three hottest years ever observed have all occurred in the last ten years. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT The greenhouse effect is the heating of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases. It is named this way because of a similar effect produced by the glass panes of a greenhouse. Shorter-wavelength solar radiation from the sun passes through Earths atmosphere, and then is absorbed by the surface of the Earth, causing it to warm. Part of the absorbed energy is then reradiated back to the atmosphere as long wave infrared radiation. Little of this long wave radiation escapes back into space;  Ã‚   the radiation cannot pass through the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases selectively transmit the infrared waves, trapping some and allowing some to pass through into space. The greenhouse gases absorb these waves and reemits the waves downward, causing the lower atmosphere to warm. www. eb. com:180) Diagram to help explain the process of global warming and how greenhouse gases create the greenhouse effect www. eecs. umich. edu/mathscience/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/images/diagrampage. html GREENHOUSE GASES To bring all this information together, the United Nations formed a group of scientists called the International Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC. The IPCC meets every few years to review the latest scientific findings and write a report summarizing all that is known about global warming. Each report represents a consensus, or agreement, among hundreds of leading scientists. One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide, also called CO2. Other contributors include methane released from landfills and agriculture (especially from the digestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO2. Different g reenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping abilities. Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. A molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2. Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have been banned in much of the world because they also degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But because their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does. Activity| Percent Contribution to Global Warming| Energy use and production| 57%| Chlorofluorocarbons| 17%| Agricultural practices| 14%| Changes in land use| 9%| Other industrial activities| 3%| Source: C, March 27, 1989, p. 22, from the US Environmental Protection Agency. The above table shows the major causes of global warming, and lists them in order based on the percentage of global warming they have caused. At the top is energy production, which far outranks any other source of global warming and accounts for more than half of all global warming. Energy production creates greenhouse gases through the burning of fossil fuels. Until renewable, non-polluting methods of energy production are developed, energy production will likely remain at the top of this list. Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, rank second in the list. In recent times, public awareness about the dangers of CFCs has increased in some of the more developed countries. As a result, people are beginning to call for decreases in the consumption of products that produce CFCs. https://knowledge. allianz. com/en/globalissues/climate_change/global_warming_basics/global_warming_greenhouse_effect. tml Greenhouse Gases This graph shows the distribution of GHG in Earths atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide is clearly the majority. www. abcnews. com/sections/us/global106. html Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless non-flammable gas a nd is the most prominent Greenhouse gas in Earths atmosphere. It is recycled through the atmosphere by the process photosynthesis, which makes human life possible. Photosynthesis is the process of green plants and other organisms transforming light energy into chemical energy. Light Energy is trapped and used to convert carbon dioxide, water, and other minerals into oxygen and energy rich organic compounds. (Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 25)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carbon Dioxide is emitted into the air as  humans exhale,  burn  fossil fuels for energy, and deforests the planet. Every year humans add over 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by these processes, and it is up thirty percent since 1750. (www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitemap. html)  Ã‚  Ã‚   An isolated test at Mauna Loa in Hawaii revealed more than a 12% (316 ppm in 1959 to 360 ppm in 1996) increase in mean annual concentration of carbon dioxide. Mauna Loa, located in Hawaii,  is the world’s largest volcano at 40,000 cubic km and 4,170 meters above sea level. (Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 27)   Ice core samples have also shown a dramatic increase in carbon dioxide levels. Drilling deep into glaciers and polar ice caps and taking out samples of ice, then melting the ice and capturing the gas has shown an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 100 years. Ice core samples are essentially drilling through time, because the deeper the ice is, the older the ice is. In 1996, carbon dioxide world emissions increased by 2. %. The U. S. reported a 3. 3% increase in CO2 concentrations. The U. S. continues to emit more than any other country in the world, accounting for 25% of all emissions. The European Union had an increase of 2. 2%, much larger than a small increase of 1. 1% in 1995. Eastern Europe had a decreasing rate of -2. 4%. Chinas increase in 1996 was 4. 7%. (https://infoweb. magi. com/~dwalsh/wfsesr. html) Fossil Fuels were created chiefly by the de cay of plants from millions of years ago. We use coal, oil and natural gas to generate electricity, heat our homes, power our factories and run our cars. These fossil fuels contain carbon, and when they are burned, they combine with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide. The two atoms of oxygen add to the total weight. The World Energy Council reported that global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels rose 12% between 1990 and 1995. (www. eb. com:180)   The increase from developing countries was three times that from developed countries. Middle East carbon dioxide emissions from burning of fossil fuels increased 35%, Africa increased 12%, and Eastern Europe increased rates by 75% from 1990-1995. This graph shows the increase of co2in the air over the past few centuries Deforestation is another main producer of carbon dioxide. The causes of deforestation are logging for lumber, pulpwood, and fuel wood. Also contributing to deforestation is clearing new land for farming and pastures used for animals such as cows. Forests and wooded areas are natural carbon sinks. This means that as trees absorb carbon dioxide, and release oxygen, carbon is being put into trees. This process occurs naturally by photosynthesis, which occurs less and less as we cut and burn down trees. As the abundance of trees declines, less carbon dioxide can be recycled. As we burn them down, carbon is released into the air and the carbon bonds with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, adding to the greenhouse effect. About 860 acres, the size of Central Park in New York, is destroyed every 15 minutes in the tropics. Methane Methane is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas. It is formed when plants decay and where there is very little air. It is often called swamp gas because it is abundant around water and swamps. Bacteria that breakdown organic matter in wetlands and bacteria that are found in cows, sheep, goats, buffalo, termites, and camels produce methane naturally. Since 1750, methane has doubled, and could double again by 2050. Each year we add 350-500 million tons of methane to the air by raising livestock, coal mining, drilling for oil and natural gas, rice cultivation, and garbage sitting in landfills. (www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitemap. html) It stays in the atmosphere for only 10 years, but traps 20 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Methane is on the rise since 1750 Rice cultivation has developed into a large business; farmland has doubled in the past 45 years. (www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitemap. html) It feeds 1/3 of the Worlds population. It grows mostly in flooded fields, where bacteria in waterlogged soil release methane. Livestock such as cows, sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, and termites release methane as well. Bacteria in the gut of the animal break down food and convert some of it to methane. When these animals belch, methane is released. In one day, a cow can emit ? pound of methane into the air. Imagine 1. 3 billion cattle , each burping methane several times per minute! Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide is another colorless greenhouse gas; however, it has a sweet odor. It is primarily used as an anesthetic because it deadens pain and for this characteristic is called? Laughing gas? This gas is released naturally from oceans and by bacteria in soils. Nitrous oxide gas has risen by more than 15% since 1750. Each year we add 7-13 million tons into the atmosphere by using nitrogen based fertilizers, disposing of human and animal waste in sewage treatment plants, automobile exhaust, and other sources not yet identified. It is important to reduce emissions because the nitrous oxide we release today will still be trapped in the atmosphere 100 years from now. (World Book Volume 13) Nitrous Oxide has been on the rise since 1750 www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitmap. tml Nitrogen based fertilizer use has doubled in the past 15 years. These fertilizers provide nutrients for crops; however, when they breakdown in th e soil, nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere. In automobiles, nitrous oxide is released at a much lower rate than carbon dioxide, because there is more carbon in gasoline than nitrogen. Fluorocarbons Fluorocarbon is a general term for any group of synthetic organic compounds that contain fluorine and carbon. Many of these compounds, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), can be easily converted from gas to liquid or liquid to gas. Because of these properties, CFCs can be used in aerosol cans, refrigerators, and air conditioners. Studies in the 1970s showed that when CFCs are emitted into the atmosphere, they break down molecules in the Earths ozone layer (World Book). Since then, the use of CFCs has significantly decreased and they are banned from production in the United States. The substitute for CFCs is hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs). HFCs do not harm or breakdown the ozone molecule, but they do trap heat in the atmosphere, making it a greenhouse gas, aiding in global warmin g. HFCs are used in air conditioners and refrigerators. The way to reduce emissions of this gas is to be sure that in both devices the coolant is recycled and all leaks are properly fixed. Also, before throwing the appliances away, are sure to recover the coolant in each. Impacts of Global Warming Global warming will have serious impacts on the environment and on society. Higher temperatures will cause a melting of ice in Greenland and Antarctica. This will accelerate the rise of sea level. The speed at which global warming is expected to occur in the 21st century is faster than most plant and animal species will be able to cope with. Some will adapt but others will suffer and may become extinct. Global warming will affect agriculture. New crops will be able to be grown in areas that are currently too cold to support them. However, more pests and diseases may offset any benefits higher temperatures may have. Water resources will also be affected. Some reservoirs may dry up if temperature increases, especially if rainfall also decreases. Rising sea levels may pollute fresh groundwater supplies with salt water. Global warming will also affect human health. There may be more heat-related illnesses in hotter summers, and increased breathing problems as higher temperatures increase air pollution in cities, reducing air quality. The malaria mosquito may also be able to spread to other regions of the world where it is currently too cold to survive and breed. More extreme weather, for example storms, floods and droughts will have severe impacts on the environment and on society. The poorest people in society will unfortunately be those least able to cope with the impacts of global warming Effects of Global Warming on Society Agriculturally, Dr. Sylvan H. Wittwer believes that global warming is good for the human race, because it helps increase food production. The most determinant factor in agriculture production is climate. History reveals that for food p roduction, warming is better than cooling. Dr. Wittwer says that carbon dioxide is an essential nutrient for the production of food, and food is one of the most important things in our lives. As the temperature rises, more farmland will be open towards the poles and the length of the growing season will also lengthen. With all the people who go hungry each day, Dr. Wittwer believes food production should be one of our main concerns. Dr. Wittwer is the scientific pioneer who conducted the original studies on atmospheric CO2 enhancement of the production of food crops. (www. comnett. net/~wit/food. html) Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global warming could also lead to more health concerns. A statement released from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) said, Climate change is likely to have wide-ranging and mostly adverse impacts on human health, with significant loss of life. As temperatures increase towards the poles, similar to farml and, insects and other pests migrate towards Earths poles. These insects and pests could be allowed to migrate up to 550 Km or 550 miles. Some insects carry diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Thus, an increase in these particular insects and pests closer to the poles results in an increase in these diseases. This could lead to 50 to 80 million additional cases of Malaria annually, a 10-15% increase. Malaria and dengue fever are already beginning to spread pole wards, said Jane Lubchenco, past president of American Association for the advancement of science. www. epa. gov/oppeoeel/globalwarming/impacts/health/index. html) Physician Paul Epstein, of Harvards School of Public Health, says Climate change is already a factor in terms of the distributions of malaria, dengue fever, and cholera. (www. aloha. net~jhanson/page70. htm) The most obvious health effect is directly from the heat itself. With an increase in heat waves, there will be more people who will suffer from heatstr oke, heart attacks and other ailments aggravated by the heat. According to the EPA, In July 1995, a heat wave killed more than 700 people in the Chicago area alone. (www. epa. ov/oppeoeel/globalwarming/impacts/health/index. html) If this is happening already from heat, imagine what would occur in the future with global warming. Hot conditions could also cause smoke particles and noxious gases to linger in the air and accelerate chemical reactions that generate other pollutants. (www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitemap. html) This leads to an increase in risk of respiratory diseases like bronchitis and asthma. Global warming causes the oceans to warm and expand, inducing a rise in sea level. Eventually, the rising waters could take away land inhabited by people, forcing them to move. Dr. Robert Buddemieir, of the Kansas Geological Survey said, Bangladesh is massively populated, achingly poor, and something like a sixth of the country is going to go away (www. envirolink. org/orgs/e df/sitemap. html) Bangladesh cannot afford to build barriers to hold back the sea, so people would have to move inland, increasing the populations density and leading to an increase in hunger and disease. (www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitemap. html) The Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean have the same problem. They are a nation of 1190 islands with an average height of about 1. meters above sea level. If the sea level rises, more than 200,000 people will have to abandon their homes. (www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitmap. html) Warming of the oceans could also promote toxic algae which can lead to cholera. Graph showing history of sea level and extrapolating possible increases in sea level over the next century The blue line represents the history of sea level. The yellow line is a high estimate of sea level extrapolated. The red line a central estimate, and the green line is a low projection. www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitemap. tml THE PRESENT WAYS OF PRODUCING ENERGY This pie graph shows the breakdown of how the world produces its energy www. envirolink. org/orgs/edf/sitemap. html Fossil fuels, chiefly coal, oil and natural gas, now supply most of the worlds energy. Only a small amount comes from renewable sources, which do not release gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. If we could get more of our energy from renewable sources, we could reduce the amount of fossil fuels we burn. By the year 2050, renewable sources could provide forty percent of the energy needed in the world. Use of renewable energy can help both to slow global warming and to reduce air pollution. (www. doc. mmu. ac. uk/aric/gcc/cell. html#pos6) These fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas also emit greenhouse gases when burned. Coal emits high amounts of greenhouse gases, and the world may be supplied with enough of it to last over 100 years. Oil emits high amounts of greenhouse gases and also other types of air pollution harmful to the environment. The worlds oil supply is a lso estimated to last over 100 years. Natural Gas is the lowest of all fossil fuels in greenhouse gas missions; supplies are projected to last over 100 years. (www. doc. mmu. ac. uk/aric/gcc/cell. html#pos6) 1996 Processes Carbon Dioxide was produced Country (region)| OIL| Natural Gas| Coal| World| 44. 7%| 18. 4%| 36. 9%| Canada| 51. 8%| 30%| 18. 2%| United States| 45%| 21. 3%| 33. 7%| European Union| 56. 2%| 19%| 24. 8%| China| 17. 4%| 1. 1%| 81. 5%| Japan| 64. 6%| 9. 9%| 25. 5%| This chart shows what percentage of CO2 comes from Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal. For example, in 1996, 44. 7% of the worlds CO2 emissions came from the combustion of oil. Terms 1. Carbon Dioxide a heavy colorless gas that does not support combustion, dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, is formed especially in animal reparation and in the decay or combustion of animal and vegetable matter, is absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis, and is used in the carbonation of beverages. 2. Methane- a colorless odorless flammable gaseous hydrocarbon that is a product of decompositions of organic matter and of the carbonization of coal, is used as a fuel and as a starting material in chemical synthesis, and is the simplest of the alkenes. 3. Photosynthesis- synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially light; especially formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to light 4. Greenhouse Effect- warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of a planet that is caused by conversion of solar radiation into heat in a process involving selective transmission of short wave solar radiation by the atmosphere, its absorption by the planets surface, and reradiating as infrared which is absorbed and partly reradiated back to the surface by atmospheric gases. . Nitrous oxide a colorless gas that when inhaled produces loss of sensibility to pain preceded by exhilaration and so metimes laughter and is used as an anesthetic in dentistry and that is an atmospheric pollutant produced by combustion and a suspected contributor to greenhouse warming also called laughing gas. 6. Malaria a human disease that is caused by sporazoa parasites in the red blood cells, is transmitted by the bite of anopheles mosquitoes, and is characterized by peo iodic attacks of chills and fever 7. Dengue an acute infectious disease caused by an arbovirus, transmitted by aedes mosquitoes, and characterized by headache, severe joint pain, and a rashcalled also dengue fever. CHAPTER 3 IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND DESTABILIZING IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE The effects of climate change are being felt now: temperatures are rising, icecaps and glaciers are melting and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and more intense. The following section outlines some of the forms of conflicts driven by climate change which may occur in different regions of the world. . ) Conflict over resources Reduction of arable land, widespread shortage of water, diminishing food and fish stocks, increased flooding and prolonged droughts are already happening in many parts of the world. Climate change will alter rainfall patterns and further reduce available freshwater by as much as 20 to 30% in certain regions. A drop in agricultural productivity will lead to, or worsen, food-insecurity in least developed countries and an unsustainable increase in food prices across the board. Water shortage in particular has the potential to cause civil unrest and to lead to significant economic losses, even in robust economies. The consequences will be even more intense in areas under strong demographic pressure. The overall effect is that climate change will fuel existing conflicts over depleting resources, especially where access to those resources is politicized. ii. ) Economic damage and risk to coastal cities and critical infrastructure It has been esti mated that a business as usual scenario in dealing with climate change could cost the world economy up to 20% of global GDP per ear, whereas the cost of effective concerted action can be limited to 1%. Coastal zones are the home of about one fifth of the world’s population, a number set to rise in the years ahead. Mega-cities, with their supporting infrastructure, such as port facilities and oil refineries, are often located by the sea or in river deltas. Sea-level rise and the increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters pose a serious threat to these regions and their economic prospects. The East coasts of China and India as well as the Caribbean region and Central America would be particularly affected. An increase in disasters and humanitarian crises will lead to immense pressure on the resources of donor countries, including capacities for emergency relief operations. iii. ) Loss of territory and border disputes Scientists project major changes to the landmass during this century. Receding coastlines and submergence of large areas could result in loss of territory, including entire countries such as small island states. More disputes over land and maritime borders and other territorial rights are likely. There might be a need to revisit existing rules of international law, particularly the Law of the Sea, as regards the resolution of territorial and border disputes. A further dimension of competition for energy resources lies in potential conflict over resources in Polar Regions which will become exploitable as a consequence of global warming. Desertification could trigger a vicious circle of degradation, migration and conflicts over territory and borders that threatens the political stability of countries and regions. iv. ) Environmentally induced migration Those parts of the populations that already suffer from poor health conditions, unemployment or social exclusion are rendered more vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which could amplify or trigger migration within and between countries. The UN predicts that there will be millions of environmental migrants by 2020 with climate change as one of the major drivers of this phenomenon. Some countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate change are already calling for international recognition of such environmentally-induced migration. Such migration may increase conflicts in transit and destination areas. Europe must expect substantially increased migratory pressure. v. ) Situations of fragility and radicalization Climate change may significantly increase instability in weak or failing states by over-stretching the already limited capacity of governments to respond effectively to the challenges they face. The inability of a government to meet the needs of its population as a whole or to provide protection in the face of climate change-induced hardship could trigger frustration, lead to tensions between different ethnic and religious gro ups within countries and to political radicalization. This could destabilize countries and even entire regions. vi. ) Tension over energy supply One of the most significant potential conflicts over resources arises from intensified competition over access to, and control over, energy resources. That in itself is, and will continue to be, a cause of instability. However, because much of the worlds hydrocarbon reserves are in regions vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and because many oil and gas producing states already face significant social economic and demographic challenges, instability is likely to increase. This has the potential to feed back into greater energy insecurity and greater competition for resources. A possible wider use of nuclear energy for power generation might raise new concerns about proliferation, in the context of a non-proliferation regime that is already under pressure. As previously inaccessible regions open up due to the effects of climate change, the scramble for resources will intensify. vii. ) Pressure on international governance The multilateral system is at risk if the international community fails to address the threats outlined above. Climate change impacts will fuel the politics of resentment between those most responsible for climate change and those most affected by it. Impacts of climate mitigation policies (or policy failures) will thus drive political tension nationally and internationally. The potential rift not only divides North and South but there will also be a South South dimension particularly as the Chinese and Indian share of global emissions rises. The already burdened international security architecture will be put under increasing pressure. THE DESTABILIZING IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE REDUCED ACCESS TO FRESH WATER Adequate supplies of fresh water for drinking, irrigation, and sanitation are the most basic prerequisite for human habitation. Changes in rainfall, snowfall, snowmelt, and gl acial melt have significant effects on fresh water supplies, and climate change is likely to affect all of those things. In some areas of the Middle East, tensions over water already exist. Mountain glaciers are an especially threatened source of fresh water [3]. A modest rise in temperature of about 2 ° to 4 °F in mountainous regions can dramatically alter the precipitation mix by increasing the share falling as rain while decreasing the share falling as snow. The result is more flooding during the rainy season, a shrinking snow/ice mass, and less snowmelt to feed rivers during the dry season [4]. Forty percent of the world’s population derives at least half of its drinking water from the summer melt of mountain glaciers, but these glaciers are shrinking and some could disappear within decades. Several of Asia’s major rivers—the Indus, Ganges, Mekong, Yangtze, and Yellow—originate in the Himalayas [4]. If the massive snow/ice sheet in the Himal ayas—the third-largest ice sheet in the world, after those in Antarctic and Greenland—continues to melt, it will dramatically reduce the water supply of much of Asia. Most countries in the Middle East and northern Africa are already considered water scarce, and the International Water Resource Management Institute projects that by 2025, Pakistan, South Africa, and large parts of India and China will also be water scarce. To put this in perspective: the U. S. ould have to suffer a decrease in water supply that produces an 80 percent decrease in per capita water consumption to reach the United Nations definition of â€Å"water scarce. † these projections do not factor in climate change, which is expected to exacerbate water problems in many areas. IMPAIRED FOOD PRODUCTION Access to vital resources, primarily food and water, can be an additional causative factor of conflicts, a number of which are playing out today in Africa. Probably the best known is the conflict in Darfur between herders and farmers. Long periods of drought resulted in the loss of both farmland and grazing land to the desert. The failure of their grazing lands compelled the nomads to migrate southward in search of water and herding ground, and that in turn led to conflict with the farming tribes occupying those lands. Coupled with population growth, tribal, ethnic, and religious differences, the competition for land turned violent. Probably more than any other recent conflict, Darfur provides In some areas of the Middle East, tensions over water already exist. a case study of how existing marginal situations can be exacerbated beyond the tipping point by climate-related factors. It also shows how lack of essential resources threatens not only individuals and their communities but also the region and the international community at large. Worldwide food production will be affected by climate change in a variety of ways. Crop ecologists estimate that for every 1. 8 °F rise in temperature above historical norms, grain production will drop 10 percent. Most of the world’s growth in food demand is occurring on the Indian subcontinent and in sub-Saharan Africa, areas already facing food shortages. Over the coming decades, these areas are expected to become hotter and drier. HEALTH CATASTROPHES Climate change is likely to have major implications for human health. While some impacts, such as reduced deaths from cold temperatures in some areas, will be positive, the World Health Organization estimates that the overall impact will be negative. The major concern is significant spreading of the conditions for vector-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, and food-borne diseases, such as salmonella. The decline in available fresh water in some regions will also have an impact, as good health and adequate supplies of clean water are inextricably linked. A health emergency involving large numbers of casualties and deaths from disease c an quickly expand into a major regional or global security challenge that may require military support, ranging from distribution of vaccines to full-scale stability operations. LAND LOSS AND FLOODING: DISPLACEMENT OF MAJOR POPULATIONS About two-thirds of the world’s population lives near coastlines, where critically important facilities and infrastructure, such as transportation routes, industrial facilities, port facilities, and energy production and distribution facilities are located. A rise in sea level means potential loss of land and displacement of large numbers of people. Even in our own nation, Hurricane Katrina showed the social upheaval and tensions that can result from land loss and displaced populations. But while the impact of inundation from one-time occurrences such as Hurricane Katrina is temporary, even as it is devastating, inundation from climate change is likely to be permanent on the scale of human lifetimes. Rising sea levels will also make coastal areas more vulnerable to flooding and land loss through erosion. Storm surges will also take a greater toll on coastal communities and infrastructure as sea levels rise. According to a Pacific Institute study, a six-inch rise in the water level of San Francisco Bay would mean a fairly routine one-in-ten-year storm would wreak as much damage as a far more serious â€Å"hundred-year storm† would have caused before the sea level rise. In the U. S. , we may be able to cope with such a change, but poorer nations would be greatly challenged. Most of the economically important major rivers and river deltas in the world—the Niger, the Mekong, the Yangtze, the Ganges, the Nile, the Rhine, and the Mississippi—are densely populated along their banks. As sea levels rise and storm surges increase, saline water can contaminate groundwater, inundate river deltas and valleys, and destroy croplands. CHAPTER 5 REGIONAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING 1. Africa: Africa is one of t he continents most vulnerable to climate change because of multiple stresses and low adaptive capacity. In North Africa and the Sahel, increasing drought, water scarcity and land overuse will degrade soils and could lead to a loss of 75% of arable, rain-fed land. The Nile Delta could be at risk from both sea-level rise and salinisation in agricultural areas while 12 to 15% of arable land could be lost through sea-level rise in this century with 5 million people affected by 2050. Already today, climate change is having a major impact on the conflict in and around Darfur. In the Horn of Africa reduced rainfall and increasing temperatures will have a significant negative impact on a region highly vulnerable to conflict. In southern Africa, droughts are contributing to poor harvests, leading to food insecurity in several areas with millions of people expected to face food shortages. Migration in this region, but also migration from other regions through Northern Africa to reach Eu rope (transit migration) is likely to intensify. In Africa, and elsewhere, climate change is expected to have a negative effect on health, in particular due to the spread of vector borne diseases further aggravating tensions. 2. Middle East: Water systems in the Middle East are already under intense stress. Roughly two-thirds of the Arab world depends on sources outside their borders for water. The Jordan and Yarmulke rivers are expected to see considerable reduction in their flows affecting Israel, the Palestinian territories and Jordan. Existing tensions over access to water are almost certain to intensify in this region leading to further political instability with detrimental implications for Europes energy security and other interests. Water supply in Israel might fall by 60% over this century. Consequently, a significant drop in crop yields is projected for an area that is already largely arid or semi-arid. Significant decreases are expected to hit Turkey, Iraq, Syria an d Saudi Arabia and thus affect stability in a vitally strategic region for Europe. 3. South Asia: Sea-level rise may threaten the habitat of millions of people as 40% of Asias population (almost 2 billion) lives within 60km from the coastline. Water stress and loss of agricultural productivity will make it difficult for Asia to feed its growing population who will additionally be exposed to an increase of infectious diseases. Changes in the monsoon rains and decrease of melt water from the Himalayas will affect more than 1 billion people. Conflicts over remaining resources and unmanaged migration will lead to instability in a region that is an important economic partner of Europe with factors of production and distribution concentrated along vulnerable coastlines. 4. Central Asia: Central Asia is another region severely affected by climate change. An increasing shortage of water, which is both a key resource for agriculture and a strategic resource for electricity generation, is already noticeable. The glaciers in Tajikistan lost a third of their area in the second half of he 20th century alone, while Kyrgyzstan has lost over a 1000 glaciers in the last four decades. There is thus considerable additional potential for conflict in a region whose strategic, political and economic developments as well as increasing trans-regional challenges impact directly or indirectly on EU interests. 5. Latin America and the Caribbean: In drier areas of Latin America climate change will lead to salinisation and desertification of agricultural land and to decreasing productivity of important crops and livestock. This will have adverse consequences for food security. Sea-level rise is projected to cause increased risk of flooding in low-lying areas. Increases in sea surface temperature due to climate change are projected to have adverse effects on coral reefs, and cause shifts in the location of fish stocks. Latin American and Caribbean countries are already subject to the detrimental effects, including many extreme events, associated with the El Nino cycle. Changes in rainfall patterns and the disappearance of glaciers are projected to significantly affect water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation, for example in the Andes region. Countries in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico are already increasingly affected by major hurricanes. This will be further exacerbated by climate change and result in social and political tensions in a region with often weak governance structures. 6. The Arctic: The rapid melting of the polar ice caps, in particular, the Arctic, is opening up new waterways and international trade routes. In addition, the increased accessibility of the enormous hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic region is changing the geo-strategic dynamics of the region with potential consequences for international stability and European security interests. The resulting new strategic interests are illustrated by the recent planting of the Russian flag under the North Pole. There is an increasing need to address the growing debate over territorial claims and access to new trade routes by different countries which challenge Europes ability to effectively secure its trade and resource interests in the region and may put pressure on its relations with key partners. CHAPTER-6 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE RECOMMENDATIONS KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions . These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012. Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of â€Å"common but differentiated responsibilities. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. 184 Parties of the Convention have ratified its Protocol to date. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the â€Å"Marrakesh Accords. † The Kyoto mechanisms Under the Treaty, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures. However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them an additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market-based mechanisms. The Kyoto mechanisms are: Emissions trading – known as â€Å"the carbon market * Clean development mechanism (CDM) * Joint implementation (JI). The mechanisms help stimulate green investment and help Parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNFCCC AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL The international political response to climate change began with the adoption of the UNFCCC in 1992, setting out a framework for action aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to avoid â€Å"dangerous anthropogenic interference† with the climate system. The UNFCCC entered into force on 21 March 1994 and now has 194 parties. In December 1997, delegates at COP 3 in Kyoto, Japan, agreed to a Protocol to the UNFCCC committing industrialized countries and countries in transition to a market economy to achieve emission reduction targets. These countries, known under the UNFCCC as Annex I parties, agreed to reduce their overall emissions of six greenhouse gases by an average of 5. 2% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012 (the first commitment period), with specific targets varying from country to country. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005 and currently has 190 parties. In 2005, at COP/MOP 1 in Montreal, Canada, parties established the AWG-KP on the basis of Protocol Article 3. 9, mandating consideration of Annex I parties’ further commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment period. In addition, COP 11 agreed in Montreal to consider long-term cooperation under the Convention through a series of four workshops known as â€Å"the Convention Dialogue,† which continued until COP 13. COPENHAGEN CONFERENCE In 2012 the Kyoto Protocol to prevent climate changes and global warming runs out. To keep the process on the line there is an urgent need for a new climate protocol. At the conference in Copenhagen 2009 the parties of the UNFCCC meet for the last time on government level before the climate agreement need to be renewed. The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark took place from 7-19 December 2009. It included the fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on C limate Change (UNFCCC) and the fifth Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP 5). COP 15 and COP/MOP 5 were held in conjunction with the thirty-first sessions of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA 31) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI 31), the tenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP 10) and the eighth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the UNFCCC (AWG-LCA 8). The Copenhagen Conference marked the culmination of a two-year negotiating process to enhance international climate change cooperation under the Bali Roadmap, launched by COP 13 in December 2007. Close to 115 world leaders attended the joint COP and COP/MOP high-level segment from 16-18 December, marking one of the largest gatherings of world leaders outside of New York. The conference was subject to unpre cedented public and media attention, and more than 40,000 people, representing governments, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, faith-based organizations, media and UN agencies applied for accreditation at the conference. Many hoped that the Copenhagen Climate Conference would be able to â€Å"seal the deal† and result in a fair, ambitious and equitable agreement, setting the world towards a path to avoid dangerous climate change. To this end, what many characterized as â€Å"intense negotiations† took place over the two weeks at the level of experts, Ministers and Heads of State. But it was not without controversy. Questions concerning transparency and process played out during the meeting. Differences emerged, inter alia, on whether work should be carried out in a smaller â€Å"friends of the chair† format as well as on a proposal by the Danish COP Presidency to table two texts reflecting the work done by the AWGs. Many partie s rejected this idea, urging that only texts developed in the AWGs by parties should be used. During the high-level segment, informal negotiations took place in a group consisting of major economies and representatives of regional groups. Late on Friday evening, these talks resulted in political agreement entitled the â€Å"Copenhagen Accord,† which was not based on the texts developed by either of the AWGs. Details of the agreement were widely reported by the media before the COP closing plenary. While most reports highlighted that Heads of State had been able to â€Å"seal the deal,† almost everyone participating in the negotiations openly admitted that it was â€Å"far from a perfect agreement. † During the closing COP plenary, which lasted nearly 13 hours, long and what many characterized as â€Å"acrimonious† discussions ensued on the transparency of the process that had led to the conclusion of the Copenhagen Accord and on whether the COP should adopt it. Most negotiating groups supported its adoption as a COP decision in order to operationalize it as a step towards â€Å"a better† future agreement. Some developing countries, however, opposed the Accord reached during what they characterized as an â€Å"untransparent† and â€Å"undemocratic† negotiating process. During informal negotiations facilitated by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon during the night and early morning, parties agreed to adopt a COP decision whereby the COP â€Å"takes note† of the Copenhagen Accord, which was attached to the decision as an unofficial document. Parties also agreed to establish a procedure whereby countries supporting the Copenhagen Accord can accede to it. Many recognized the historical significance of the Copenhagen Conference, highlighting its unprecedented success in bringing together the majority of the world’s leaders to consider climate change and listing mitigation actions pledged by develo ped and developing countries, as well as provisions on finance and technology. Most delegates, however, left Copenhagen disappointed at what they saw as a â€Å"weak agreement,† and questioning its practical implications given that the Copenhagen Accord had not been formally adopted as the outcome of the negotiations. The Copenhagen UN climate conference ended last Saturday with a weak agreement, not the groundbreaking treaty many had hoped for. Not only did World watch send its biggest team ever to the Danish capital; with more than 100 heads of governments and many more parliamentarians and dignitaries, COP-15 became the largest assembly of world leaders in diplomatic history. The Copenhagen conference had been planned out for two years in many small informal and large official meetings, following the 2007 Bali Action Plan in which nations had agreed to finalize a binding agreement this December. The outcome falls far short of this original goal. Delegates only  "noted† an accord (â€Å"the Copenhagen Accord†) struck by the United States, Brazil, China, India, and South Africa that has two key components: first, it sets a target of limiting global warming to a maximum of 2 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial times; second, it proposes $100 billion in annual aid for developing nations starting in 2020 to help them reduce emissions and adapt to climate change. degrees Celsius is seen by mainstream science as a threshold for dangerous climatic changes including sea-level rise and accelerated glacier melt, as well as more intense floods, droughts, and storms. Many scientists also believe that a majority of worldwide ecosystems will struggle to adapt to a warming above that mark, and more recently have set the threshold even lower, at 1. 5 degrees Celsius. The accord, however, lacks any information on how this goal of preventing â€Å"dangerous† climate change, which had already been set by the 1992 United Nations Framework C onvention, would be achieved. It is generally assumed that in order to keep global warming below 2 degrees, worldwide emissions have to peak before 2020 and have to be at least halved before mid-century, but the Copenhagen accord doesn’t outline global emissions scenarios nor individual countries’ pathways towards either of these two goals. Regarding the money for developing countries, the declaration does not specify precisely where the $100 billion annual support would come from nor who would profit from it. Accordingly, the assessment of the accord was mixed. U. N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon praised the Copenhagen Accord as â€Å"an important beginning† and U. S. President Obama said that â€Å"for the first time in history, all of the world’s major economies have come together to accept their responsibility to take action on the threat of climate change. † Others, like German chancellor Angela Merkel, could hardly hide their disappoint ment. â€Å"The decision has been very difficult for me. We have done one step, we have hoped for several more,† Merkel said. Likewise, many U. S. ommentators considered the deal just a small step forward, however an essential one in the domestic context. A friend of mine wrote to me that â€Å"without the accord, the Senate process would be dead. I think we can push forward domestically with the elements in the accord. † The next COP is set for November 2010 in Mexico City, with a likely high-level preparatory meeting mid-year on invitation of the German government. â€Å"We have a big job ahead to avoid climate change through effective emissions reduction targets, and this was not done here,† said Sergio Serra, Brazil’s climate change ambassador. World watch might have to send an even bigger team to the Mexican capital. References 1. Estimation of Emissions of Carbon Dioxide at the local level: A Low cost approach for local authorities. Atmospheric Research and Information Center. https://doc. mmu. ac. uk/aric/gcc/cell. html#pos6 (March 8, 1998) 2. Global Warming is happening. Envirolink. https://www. envirolink. org/prgs/edf/sitemap. html (March 8, 1998) 3. Global Warming Campaign. Sierra Club. https://www. toowarm. org/factsheets/basfact. html (March 12, 1998) 4. Methane World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 7. Friend, 1982, p. 270 5. Fluorocarbons† World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. Hatch, 1982, p. 358 6. Clinton: Were Energy Hogs. ABC News. https://www. abcnews. com/sections/us/global106. html (March 8, 1998) 7. Global Warming. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www. epa. gov/globalwarming/ (March 8, 1998) 8. The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change. U. S. Department of State https://www. state. gov/www/global/oes/fs_kyoto_climate_980115. html (March 9, 1998) 9. Sylvan H. Wittwer. Its Good for Food Production The Global Environment. https://www. comnett. net/~wit/food. html (March 8, 1998) 10. Gree nhouse Effect Encyclopedia Britannica. Volume 5. 1988, p. 470 11. Photosynthesis† Encyclopedia Britannica. Volume 25. 1988, pp. 808-816 https://infoweb. magi. com/~dwalsh/wfsesr. html) 12. †Copenhagen Conference† https://www. lexology. com/library/detail. aspx? g=2713eb38-0d46-4c7f-b78d-b458844b4621 https://blogs. worldwatch. org/datelinecopenhagen/copenhagen-ends-with-minimum-consensus-not-binding-treaty/ Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Warming: Global Climate Change" essay for you Create order