Global Commodity Chains Example

Essays on Global Commodity Chains Essay Globalization is a phenomenon that most people are unaware of. And yet, it extensively encompasses various aspects of our lives whether we are awareof it or not. It is in the cars we drive, the clothes we wear, and yes, even the food we eat. Our political, socio-cultural, and economic relations with other countries are very much international and global in nature. Many events in the past two decades or so helped to open our borders to our neighbours. The end of the cold war and the birth of the internet are just some of the events that now shape our international relations. We are living in an era of globalization. Growing population and with it, difficulties in filling in growing economic needs, have made it necessary for many countries to import, to ‘outsource,’ and to contract out. As a result, commodity chains have infiltrated our economic system. Commodity chains are â€Å"[a] functionally integrated network of production, trade and service activities that covers all the stages in a supply chain, from the transformation of raw materials, through intermediate manufacturing stages, to the delivery of a finished good to a market. It consists of a series of events in the production line that ends up with the end-consumer getting the finished product† (Rodrigue, 2008). With growing demands from a growing population, many countries find it difficult to fulfil the needs of their consumer public. Their domestic resources are overly strained and greater production costs are needed to fill the demands of the consumers. Consequently, the necessity of outsourcing and importing goods and services became an option that many nations and multinational corporations explored in order to keep up with the laws of supply and demand. According to Rodrigue (2008), major commodity chains involve three major components—raw materials, semi-processed materials, and manufactured goods. He goes on to elaborate that, raw materials are grown in many developing countries because of more favourable environmental conditions. Some raw materials can only be grown in certain parts of the world. Incidentally, these raw materials are found and can be grown in many developing countries. However, these developing nations do not have the necessary capital to process their raw materials for distribution to a wider and larger market of consumers. Semi-processed products have been processed to a certain degree, and some value is added to them. â€Å"They involve metals, textiles, construction materials and parts used to make other goods† (Rodrigue, 2008). They are not quite ready to be distributed as end-products, but they are now ready for the next stage of the production process. Finally, manufactured goods have underg one processing and are ready for consumption. They are usually distributed in developed countries and some developing countries by multinational corporations. Autonomy has now been replaced by interdependencies among nations and economies. This integration has necessitated the need to produce an efficient transport system. This transport system is sustained by functional and geographical integration. Functional integration is the maintenance of the link between the consumer and the supplier. The consumer maintains the demand and the supplier keeps up with the demand. This process and system helps sustain the existence of commodity chains. Any and all means are explored to meet the demands of the consumer through the utilization of various transport processes like door-to door deliveries and other transport systems. Functional integration is carried out alongside geographical integration, where various networks in the international, regional, and local levels are utilized by global commodity chains in order to get the raw and finished products to the consumers, retailers, importers, and exporters. (Rodrigue, 2008) With the above process needed for global commodity chains to effectively function, the freight system has now become an integral cog in the processing chain. These freight transport systems exemplify qualities that are essential in the maintenance of the global economy. Different shippers and freight systems are needed for different products. There are now various choices available to many importers and exporters to choose from. These shippers and transport systems are required to deliver under time constraints. They are also expected to transport raw and finished products while considering the size, mode of transport, the type, and the preservation of the shipment. These freight and transport system standards are necessary to support and maintain global commodity chains. (Rodrigue, 2008) There are various global commodity chains that now exist in the global economy. Agricultural, chemical, metal, energy, wood and paper, are just some of the more popular commodity chains in our economy. Various aspects of their production and processing are taken and undertaken in different parts of the world at different points in time. One such popular commodity chain under the agricultural commodity chain is the coffee industry. â€Å"Coffee is an extremely powerful commodity, reigning as the worlds most heavily traded product, behind petroleum, and the largest food import of the United States†(Coffee Services, 2005). The finished coffee product goes through producers, middlemen, importers, exporters, roaster, and retailers before finally reaching the end consumer. According to Coffee Services (2005), about 20 million families in 50 countries work in the cultivation of coffee. They work in over 11 million hectares of land in their countries in order to fulfill the demands of the millions of coffee drinkers around the world. Arabica and Robusta are two of the popular blends of coffee in the market. Arabica is produced in Latin America, and Robusta is produced in Africa and Asia. Many importers buy the harvests of small farmers. These small farmers, who are eager to dispose of their harvests in favor of much needed income, usually do so under lower trading prices. These importers have the capital to purchase large inventories of coffee and have the necessary storage facilities to store and process the coffee for distribution to various roasters. These importers sell the semi-processed coffee to coffee roasters in different countries. In the United States alone, there are about 1200 roasters. These roasters then sell their blends to the large reta ilers like Maxwell House, Sanka, and Kraft. (Coffee Services, 2005) Importers profit greatly from this enterprise because they are able to avail of raw products at lesser trading prices. In areas where they have established coffee plantations, cheap labour is practiced by many importers and multinational corporations. They later sell their coffee products on standard market prices. Consequently, their profit is increased by their decreased production cost. Various anti-globalization groups have argued that many developing countries are being taken advantage of by multinational corporations via cheap labour and lower trading prices. They argue that globalization has greatly benefited developed nations and multinational corporations but have driven developing nations deeper and deeper into poverty. However, it is interesting to note that many poor countries favour globalization because, â€Å"[t]he total number of extreme poor (living on less than $1 per day measured at purchasing power parity) increased throughout history up to about 1980. Since 1980 that number declined by 200 million, while world population increased by 1.8 billion† (Dollar, 2003). Global commodity chains are widely popular in the global economy. It has managed to provide us with what we essentially need without it being sold at astronomical prices. It has also managed to provide many developing nations opportunities that 20 or so years ago were not available to them. Globalization has opened our borders to other nations who are eager to share with us their wealthy resources. Globalization has deeply penetrated many aspects of our economic, political, and social life. Commodity chains are just one among the many features of our global economy that are making our world, which seemed to be so big, now seem so small and accessible. Through globalization, we experience the fruits of labour and the products of the lands of people and nations halfway across the globe. Works Cited. Coffee Industry Commodity Chain (2005). Coffee Services. Retrieved 15 August 2008 from http://www.coffeeserviceplus.com/commod-chain.html Dollar, D. (2003) The Poor Like Globalization. Yale Global. Retrieved 16 August 2008 from http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=1934 Friedland, W. (2004) Agrifood Globalization and Commodity Systems. Ohio Online. Retrieved 16 August 2008 from http://www.ohioline.osu.edu/~hcrd/people/staff/friedland.2004.pdf Global Commodity Chains (n.d) Wiego.Org. Retrieved 15 August 2008 from http://www.wiego.org/program_areas/global_markets/WORKSHOP INTRODUCTION.doc Globalization, Identity Social Conflict (2005). Manchester Metropolitan University. Retrieved 16 August 2008 from http://www.sociology.mmu.ac.uk/globalization/globalchains.php Global Value Chains Concepts and Tools (2006) Global Value Chains.Org. Retrieved 15 August 2008 from http://www.globalvaluechains.org/concepts.html Rodrigue, J. (2008) Commodity Chains and Freight Transportation. Hofstra University. Retrieved 15 August 2008 from http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/ch5c3en.html

The Impact of The Holocaust in the World - 2299 Words

The Holocaust: Changing the World According to the United Nations, humans have a conscience. Our conscience gives humans the ability to think and know right from wrong. This is what makes humans different from other animals and gives us our humanity. Humanity is necessary for our future. The Holocaust transformed society by bringing to light the standard expectation for humanity and equal treatment regardless of race, religion, or gender (â€Å"United Nations Cyber School Bus†). Ann Frank said, â€Å"If we bear all this suffering and if there are still Jews left, when it is over, then Jews, instead of being doomed, will be held up as an example† (â€Å"A Changed World: The Continuing Impact of the Holocaust†). As a result of he Holocaust, the Jewish people were held up as examples of how not to treat human beings. Given this tragedy, international attention focused on the humanity and equal treatment of humans despite their race, religion, or gender. The Holocaust did not begin until the late 1930’s, but events leading to the Holocaust began much earlier. In 1918 at the end of World War I, the path to the Holocaust began (â€Å"The History Place – Holocaust Timeline†). Germany lost the war and was required to the sign the Versailles Treaty. As a result, unrest in the government created opportunities for a new regime to take over (â€Å"A Changed World: The Continuing Impact of the Holocaust†). The Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which created sanctions that upset the German peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust : A Great Impact On The World1409 Words   |  6 Pagescountry stronger by getting rid of those with â€Å"bad genes†. There were an uncountable number of strong figures during this period of time, known as the â€Å"Holocaust†, and they have all made a great impact on the way that we now view the Holocaust. One of these heroines, is Anne Frank, who has inspired the world with her first-hand knowledge of the Holocaust, allowing us to see the events through the eyes of a child. Anneliese Marie Frank was born on June 12, 1929, in Frankfurt, Germany. Her family wasRead MoreThe World s Leading Spokesman On The Holocaust908 Words   |  4 Pages(Wiesel par. 9). The inspiring man known as Elie Wiesel was born on September 30, 1928 in Sighet, Romania. He was declared chairman of â€Å"The President’s Commission on the Holocaust†. Wiesel earned the reputation of â€Å"world’s leading spokesman on the Holocaust† because of his extensive discussions about the Holocaust and the impact it had on Jews (â€Å"Elie Wiesel-Facts† par. 1). 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They were ruled and were lead by Adolf Hitler, their biggest camp was Auschwitz which was located in Poland. There are many sources that talk about the holocaust. One source is the book Night by Elie Wiesel and it focused on his personal experienceRead MoreFactors Leading to the Holocaust Essay1462 Words    |  6 PagesMany religious conflicts are built from bigotry; however, only few will forever have an imprint on the world’s history. While some may leave a smear on the world’s past, some – like the homicide of Semitic people – may leave a scar. The Holocaust, closely tied to World War II, was a devastating and systematic persecution of millions of Jews by the Nazi regime and allies. Hitler, an anti-Semitic leader of the Nazis, believed that the Jewish race made the Aryan race impure. The Nazis did all in theirRead MorePainful Experiences of the Holocaust in the Novel, Night by Elie Wiesel1185 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze how Wiesels character changed throughout the novel, especially in regard to the Jewish religion and towards God as a result of his experiences during the Holocaust. How does Wiesel’s transformation reveal the author’s intended theme about the Holocaust? World War II is a very impactful point in history where the Holocaust is viewed as one of the worst acts of human genocide. Countless Jewish victims endured traumatizing amounts of suffering and pain that transformed their lives asRead MoreThe Holocaust : Holocaust Revisionism And The Holocaust720 Words   |  3 PagesSkylar Traub Ms. Del Rosario Period 1 13 November 2017 Holocaust Revisionists Revisionism is a type of moral and intellectual plaque that has spread like wildfire. Historical Revisionists have created a conspiracy of mental dishonesty and outright lies. Deniers have influenced others to believe the Holocaust is a historical fraud. Their beliefs compromise people’s perception when dealing with the validity of historical facts. Although historical revisionists are trying to falsify history by claimingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Night 957 Words   |  4 Pagesnot decide on its mood. The clouds hung grey, but their burden was light with precipitation. Sunshine, a quick shower, sunshine, a quick, and so on was the sky’s schedule until we were allowed into to a small room in the back of the Miami Beach Holocaust Memorial. The light sprinkling of rain made the walk to the room significantly surreal, at least to me. The small droplets still hung to the plants, but also hung, like tiers, to the green metal sculptures hidden among them. The figure s were grimRead MoreUnderstanding The Holocaust and Preventing it Happening Again1025 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding The Holocaust and Preventing it Happening Again The human tragedy of the Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of millions of Jews by the Nazi regime during World War II. The adversity of this persecution influenced not only the European arena, but also peoples from all over the globe and their ideas. The impact caused by this ethnic cleansing was enormous. Peoples lives were drastically changed as they were persecuted and tortured. Families were taken out of their homes andRead MoreHitler, Stepping Into The Light. . Hitler, Racist And Murderer?1102 Words   |  5 Pagesstepping into the light. Hitler, racist and murderer? Leader and visionary? Or both? Cassi-Dee Muller reports. Adolf Hitler, known for his rise to power, his revolutionary dictatorship and his starting of a world war. But was he simply a bad man with a negative impact on the world? Or was he just being an excellent leader? Born in Austria 1889, Hitler was an average young German until his adult life, where he achieved the position as the leader of the Nazi party. As a Nazi, he believed in

Criminal Case Defense Free Essays

When a person gets arrested for a crime, that person will remain a suspect until proven guilty otherwise in court. This person will then have the chance to avail himself with the best legal representation available. â€Å"A defense consists of evidence and arguments offered by a defendant and his or her attorney(s) to show why that person should not be held liable for a criminal charge† (Schmalleger, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Case Defense or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally speaking, there are two types of defense: factual and legal. When talking about factual defense, this simply means that the defendant claims that there was no crime committed. An example of a factual defense is when the defendant claims that he or she was not in the crime scene, usually called an alibi or proof beyond reasonable doubt does not exist. There are two possible outcomes on a factual defense: acquittal or lesser punishment. A legal defense in contrast is when a defendant may confess to committing the crime but disagrees with his or her accountability because of a certain variable supporting the act such as mental incapacity or insanity. In a legal defense, factual guilt is immaterial for assertion and the defendant may defend his or her act with justifications, excuses or prove that constitutional rights or other laws have been violated by the government concerning evidence, relevant materials or witnesses about his or her case. A legal defense may have multiple outcomes such as acquittal, reduction in punishment, exclusion of evidence, exclusion of witnesses and more. There are two forms of legal defenses. The two forms of legal defenses are justifications, in which the defendant admits to committing the act in question but claims is was necessary in order to avoid some greater evil, and excuses, in which the defendant claims that some personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act was such that he or she should not be held accountable under the criminal law† (Schmalleger, 2010). To better understand the two forms, an example of a justification is when a son is trapped in the neighbors tree house and the father has to trespass and possible destroy his neighbors property to let his son free. The fathers reason for trespassing someone else’s home and also damaging property is justifiable because his intention was to save his sons life. An example of an excuse is killing someone while sleep walking. The excused actor admits to doing harm but claims an absence of personal culpability. â€Å"Justifications and excuses are affirmative defenses, that is, they must be raised or asserted by the defendant independently of any claims made by the prosecutor. This is a variance from the general rule that places the burden of production and persuasion on the government. For affirmative defenses, defendants bear the burden of production, that is, they must assert the defense at the time required by law. Failure to raise an affirmative defense in a timely manner acts as a waiver of the defense. States vary about the burden of persuasion placed on the defendant. Some require the defendant to prove the defense; others shift the burden to the prosecution to disprove defense† (Schmalleger, 2010). Many variables are included when the conduct in which the violated law may be justifiable. Six different defenses fall under justifications. Necessity for one is a justifiable defense to a criminal charge in which the defendant claims that it was necessary to commit some unlawful act in order to prevent greater evil or harm. If a man deemed that it was necessary to destroy windows in a burning house to vent the smoke and save victims in it from smoke inhalation and help them escape, he justifies his act on destruction of property to save lives and avoid harm. Another is self-defense simply means to defend one’s self from harm or threatening situations. To protect one’s self is a right and a natural response but has limitations. If an attacker for example punches a victim, the victim has the right to defend himself or stop the situation to progress by attacking the attacker as well until the threat is ended. In this example, if the threat was ended by the victim knocking the attacker unconscious and the victim is aware and still kept hitting the attacker until he dies is no longer self defense. If the threat no longer exists the victim should go away and call the authorities and let them handle the situation from there. In self defense, reasonable force must be presented when defending a case. When another person is being victimized and a person defends the victim from harm this defense is called defense of others or sometimes called defense of a third person. Defense of others always requires that the defender be free from fault and that he or she act to aid an innocent person who is in the process of being victimized. Defense of home and property also falls under justifications. Four situations which are protection of personal property, defense of home or habitation, defense of another’s property and use of mechanical device to protect property are justifiable means when using protection of property as a defense. In most jurisdictions, the owner of property can justifiably use reasonable non deadly force to prevent others from unlawfully taking or damaging that property† (Schmalleger, 2010). An example of unreasonable deadly force to protect property is shooting an unarmed trespasser but shooting while being robbed by an armed robber who has intent to kill is reasonable use of deadly force. The fifth defense that can be used as a justification is resisting unlawful arrest. This is a very sensitive case and requires factual and accurate evidence when resisting unlawful arrest from peace officers. Last defense to be covered under justifications is consent. â€Å"Consent is a justification offered as a defense to a criminal charge, that claims that the person suffering as injury either agreed to sustain the injury or accepted the possibility of injury before the activity was undertaken† (Schmalleger, 2010). In the remaining of this paper, the second major category of defenses which is â€Å"excuses† will be discussed followed by the analysis between the legal and medical perspectives on mental illness and insanity. In most cases, excuses are personal in nature. Defendants would claim that their actions were based on some disability or some abnormal condition such as intoxication, insanity or immaturity. There are several excuses recognized by law which includes: duress, intoxication, mistake, age, entrapment, insanity, diminished capacity and various syndromes to a limited degree. However, where a defendant suffers from a know disability, that disability alone is not sufficient to excuse him or her of criminal responsibility. Insanity and mental illness are probably two of the biggest issues and also hard to prove in court as an excuse. Many defendants throughout the years won a case using insanity and mental illness as an excuse. Some scientists and medical experts have been studying the human mind, and although the studies are far from complete and still difficult to fully understand, there are distinctions and differences concerning insanity and mental illness. On a medical perspective differentiating the two; â€Å"symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning ight be a mental illness and when symptoms cause distress even beyond scope of problems mental illness comes with it might be considered insanity in which the person is no longer responsible for his or her actions† (Helium inc. , 2009). Insanity is a social and legal term rather that a medical one. Psychiatrists speak instead of mental disorders rather that use the term insanity which makes is difficult to fit into legal categories, either way, the legal concept of insanity has its basis in some disease of the mind. The lack of mens rea or showing that mens rea was present but accompanied by a mental disease of defect affects criminal liability in a case. In conclusion, a criminal defense consists of evidences and arguments offered in court by a defendant through an attorney to show why the defendant should not be held liable for crimes charged against him or her. There are many aspects in a criminal case defense a defendant needs to adhere to in order to prove innocence. Criminal defenses have two types and under legal defense, defenses may be built upon three bases which are alibis, justifications and excuses. Under excuses, insanity and mental illness was covered in a medical and legal perspective. In some jurisdictions due to the difficulties with assessing insanity from a legal perspective, insanity has been eliminated as an excuse in court in regards with a criminal charge. However defendants in all jurisdictions may still claim presence of mental disease at the time of the act which eliminates the mental culpability or mens rea needed for the criminal activity. How to cite Criminal Case Defense, Essay examples

Australian Migration Law Case Study Free Sample

Questions: Question 1Jan Brady is a registered migration agent who has recently completed a Graduate Certificate in Migration Law and Practice. Her first client is Heather Wu, a citizen of the Peoples Republic of China and her husband, Philip Clarke, an Australian citizen. Heather wishes to apply for a Partner visa (Class UK/BS), in Australia. Heather is presently in Australia on a Visitor visa (Class FA) sub class 600. The visa does not have an 8503 condition attached to it. Jans fees for assisting with the partner visa application are $2,200 plus disbursements and out of pocket expenses. All fees are to be paid upfront including all out of pocket expenses and disbursements to be paid to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP).Prepare a letter of advice, in plain English, for Jan in relation to the procedural, accounting and ethical requirements she would have to meet to comply with the requirements under the Migration Act 1958, the Migration Agents Regulations 1998 and the Code of Conduct in relation to being appointed by Heather and Philip as migration agent and charging them for the work.You are also required to stipulate, as far as practicable, all disbursements and out of pocket expenses and the requirements to make a valid visa application for a Partner visa (Class UK/BS) for Heather.Question 2Heather obtained an Intervention Order (family violence) against Philip in the MagistratesCourt. Philip informs you that the Order was obtained by Heather giving fraudulent evidence. Heather wants you to continue acting on their behalf in relation to the migration application and Philip wants you to withdraw the application.What are your obligations (if any) under the Code of Conduct? Answers: Letter of advice To Jan Brady Migration Agent For the purpose of present assignment, advice needs to be given to new migration agent Jan Brady who is acting for Heather Wu and Philip Clark, her husband related with the partner visa application that the couple is going to make. It needs to be noted that even in case of the applications that have been filed most carefully, they can be rejected even if a slight mistake is present. Therefore it is always advisable that the person filing the application should have thorough knowledge regarding the migration legislation in Australia and at the same time, such a person should be aware of the latest amendments made in the migration laws in Australia. As a result it is always preferable that some expert handles the visa application. Similarly the process of migration can be smoothened significantly if a complete application has been submitted which also ensures that any likely delays in the migration process are also avoided. In this regard, a number of requirements have been prescribed by the legislation like the Migration Act which applied to the migration agents. At the same time, there are the Migration Regulations, 1998 as well as the Code of Conduct for the migration agents which also provide the rules to regulate the conduct of migration agents. The law requires that the migration agents in Australia have to be registered with Migration Agents Registration Authority which is also known in brief as MARA. For the purpose of being registered with MARA, it is important that the migration agent possesses thorough knowledge of migration policy and procedures. Similarly, the law also requires that the actions of the migration agents are in accordance with the Code of Conduct. In this regard it needs to be noted that the government of Australia has also endorsed this Code and as a result, it is treated as a part of Australia's migration legislation. According to the law, a person is considered to be providing immigration assistance in case the person uses experience or knowledge concerning the migration procedure in order to help any other person in regarding the matter is that can be said to be falling within the provisions of Migration Act. It has been generally seen that assistance is provided in case of the process related with filing the visa application, sponsorship or visa cancellation. However in this regard it is to be noted that the matters like filing the visa application form or translating or interpreting or providing information related within a matter regarding the application but not giving any comment or explanation cannot be said to be providing such assistance. The law also provides that a person can claim to be registered migration agent only if such person is registered with MARA for the purpose of giving immigration assistance. As mentioned above, it is necessary for all the migration agents were operating in Australia that they should be registered with this agency. The migration agents should clearly tell their clients that generally the fee estimates that has been provided to the client by the migration agent does not cover the government fee for any other charges that the client may have to pay and therefore, such estimate only covers the fee that is being charged by the migration agent for the professional services that are provided by such agent. In this regard, a responsibility as an imposed on the migration agents to give an accurate estimate of the clients regarding all the fees that are payable. For example, the client should be clearly informed that the responsibility for paying any additional charges like the fee for translation or interpretation services, any feed that may be payable to legal professionals and accountants, fee for medical reports, courier charges for the fee that may be charged for expert consultation will have to be paid by the client. In this way, Jan Brady is advised that whenever any client is going to purchase professional services from her, it is highly recommendable that Jan Brady should give a detailed letter containing all the information and instructions regarding their rules and regulations applicable to the migration agents in Australia and also a letter of agreement. In the same way, as the migration agent, Jan Brady is also advised to fulfill our responsibility of providing regular updates to her clients regarding the status of their visa application and such information should be provided throughout the process of migration. In the same way, Jan Brady is also advised to provide information to our clients Heather Wu and Philip Clark that once they have hired Jan Brady as their migration agent, it becomes the responsibility of these clients to give all information as well as other relevant material that is required to perform the work. In the same way, it is also the responsibility of the clients like Heather Wu and Philip Clark to keep the migration agent updated for any change in relevant information like contact details of the client. Similarly, it is also the responsibility of the client to inform their migration agent if it can be anticipated that the client is going to be absent for some time in the future. Similarly there can be a situation where the migration agent is required to incur additional out-of-pocket expenses for the purpose of performing the work of his or her client. Some examples of such out-of-pocket expenses include the expenses that the migration agent may have to incur the hire translation services, or for document certification, telephone calls, postage charges and similar other sundry expenses. Therefore in such a case, it is the responsibility of the migration agent to clearly inform the clients that if any services have been provided by third party, the expenses for such services have to be paid to the third party by the client. Similarly, Jan Brady is also advised that she can ask her clients to pay some expenses even before the expenses have been incurred. But at the same time, she's also advised that it is always preferable that before incurring out-of-pocket expenses that go beyond a particular limit, the migration agent should take prior approval of the client. Therefore in the present case, if Jan Brady has to incur out-of-pocket expenses on translation services or interpretation services, she should take the prior approval of her clients before incurring such expenses. At this point, it is also worth mentioning that the law does not impose all the responsibilities on the migration agents alone, and there are certain responsibilities that have been prescribed for the clients also. In this way, when client finalizes an agreement with migration agent, it is agreed by the client that authentic and accurate information will be provided by the client to the migration agent and this responsibility continues throughout the period for which the agent has been engaged by the client. Similarly, another responsibility has also been imposed on the client according to which, the client has to inform the migration agent if after engaging the agent, the client finds out that certain information provided by them is not accurate or correct. At the same time, it is also the responsibility of the clients that they should pay all the fee and disbursements to the migration agent that have been settled between them. Any failure to follow these requirements may result in the beginning of the application of the client and therefore, ultimately an unsuccessful application. In such a case, the migration agent can also claim that it is not the personality of the agent to refund the fee because of failure of application can be attributed to the incorrect information provided by the client. Another important thing that Jan Brady needs to note is that as a migration agent, she can use and rely upon the information that has been given by her clients by providing services. Therefore, it is not the responsibility of the migration agent to verify the information independently or to assume responsibility that information is complete and accurate. Under these circumstances it becomes all the more important that the client provides correct and complete information to the agent. Therefore if the client provides inaccurate information to the agent, the services provided by the agent may also be inaccurate. In the present case, at the time of making the application for partner visa, Heather Wu and Philip Clarke should submit all the documents that support the application. For example, at the time of making the application, they have to submit a certified copy of the registry extract in which the details of their marriage are present. In the same way, they also have to submit application Form 47SP Application for migration to Australia by a partner. Another form that needs to be submitted by them is Form 40SP Sponsorship of partner to migrate to Australia. Another requirement that has been prescribed for the migration agents in Australia is that they should all of the Code of Conduct prescribed for them. According to this code there are certain ethical and professional standards which are to be followed by all registered migration agents. In this way, the Code of Conduct provides the obligations that are to be fulfilled by the migration agents regarding their clients and also the obligations that have been imposed on the agents in matters related with fee and charges, and also the duties related in financial management as well as the record keeping duties along with the detailed standards related with the professional conduct of migration agents. In this way, the Code prescribes ethical, procedural and accounting requirements which are to be followed by Jan Brady. 2. Obligations (if any) under the Code of Conduct In the present case, as Heather Wu has obtained an intervention order against her husband Philip from Magistrate's Court, it appears that Jan Brady faces a conflict of interest between the two clients. Jan Brady has been informed by Philip that the order has been obtained on the basis of fraudulent evidence. Now the situation is that while Heather wants that Jan Brady should continue to act for both of them in the matter of visa application, Philip Clarke has instructed Jan Brady that she should withdraw the application. Therefore in this case, according to the Code of Conduct prescribed for the migration agents in Australia, it is required that no agent should accept the client if providing assistance to the prospected client, a situation may arise where the agent is required to act in a manner that is contrary to the interests of the present client of the agent. In the same way, the code of conduct also prescribes that the agents should avoid situation under which the migration age nt is required to act against the interests of the present client. Similarly the code of conduct also prescribes that in case the migration agent is accepting instructions from the sponsor as well as the visa applicants, the agent should satisfy the himself or herself that the parties know the fact that the agent is going to act for both of them before accepting the instructions to act on their behalf. In the same way, it is also been prescribed that the parties also agreed that while acting on behalf of them, there may be a situation under which the migration agent is prevented from disclosing any information related with the application to the other party that is within the knowledge of the agent. In the same way, it is also required that parties should know the fact that while providing services to the visa applicants and the sponsor, the agent should not give advice to the other party is such advice is contrary to the interests of the other party. In the same way, under such a s ituation, both the parties are also required to know that while providing services, the agent may be required to cease to act on behalf of either party or both of them if a situation arises in which the agent has to act in a way that is contrary to the interests of either party. A somewhat similar situation has arisen in the present case also. Jan Brady has to act in a way that could be contrary to the interests of Heather Wu or Philip Clarke. Therefore it can be recommended that Jan Brady should not act for both of them. References Aronson, Mark, Dyer, Bruce and Groves, Matthew, 2004, Judicial Review of Administrative Action 3rd edition Law Book Co Charlesworth, Hilary, Chiam, Madelaine, Hovell, Devika and Williams, George 2003 Deep Anxieties: Australia and the International Legal Order Sydney Law Review 25:23 Chisholm, Richard and Parkinson, Patrick 2003, The Immigration Cases Australian Journal of Family Law 17:219 Coldrey, Barry 1999, Good British Stock: Child and Youth Migration to Australia, 1901-83 National Archives of Australia Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs Case Law Abebe v. Commonwealth, (1999) 197 CLR 510 Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Durairajasingham, (2000) 168 ALR 407 Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala, (2000) 204 CLR 82 Legislation Migration Act 1958

Tips On How To Get The Most Out Of Online Writing Courses

Tips On How To Get The Most Out Of Online Writing Courses Taking online courses have many advantages for people who have a limited amount of time or live far from the educational institutions. Besides this, you might be a mom who needs a flexible schedule and wants to pursue a passion. You might also be a working student who is eager to get additional knowledge but is not able to visit a college or university in strictly designated timeframes. Here are some tips on how to get the most out of an online writing course, improve your skills and follow your career goals. Figure out why you need to enrol in the online writing course It sounds like a quite primitive request but figuring out why you want to get into online studying can be crucial for the successful completion of the course. Motivation is the key element in almost everything that we do. Knowing what you want to get from the course is important in order to realistically understand what outcome to expect. If you thought your decision over and found out that it is not exactly what you want, it is great. You will avoid wasting your time and will go for the thing that you really like. If after some consideration and inner introspection you will feel that taking an online writing course is really what can make you happy, you will find yourself motivated enough to complete the course successfully. Do the preliminary investigation Nowadays, there are many offers of online courses on the market and choosing the one which suits you the most is a crucial point for reaching your goal successfully. It might take some extra time and effort but the result is worth the fight. You can read reviews from those who have already taken the courses of a particular company but make sure that you do not forget to consider how you personally feel towards the idea of dealing with a certain online learning platform. Learn how to navigate the platform If you have chosen the website for the online course that you like, congratulations on completing the first step. Moving forward, you need to prepare ahead and learn how to use the website properly. Since you are going to study online, knowing how to navigate your learning platform is a must. Many online learning websites give a time limit for some tasks so being confused during an important timed moment about how it all works can cost you dearly. If you start to learn how the platform works beforehand, you will have an extra time and opportunity to contact customer support or other members on the forum if something is unclear. This will save you time and will help you avoid unnecessary stress. Communication as a key Most online courses imply an active communication with a tutor or/and with the members of the forum. Do not be afraid of getting embarrassed since asking a question means that you want to get help, learn more and evolve. Obviously, there will be people who appear to be more knowledgeable than you are and who might dominate the discussion. However, keeping in mind your desire to become more knowledgeable in the chosen subject should prevail over the fear to be embarrassed by not knowing something and making mistakes. After all, those who take a course are there to learn and the participants of the forum as well as tutors or facilitators definitely share your vision and understand that you are there to improve your knowledge. Quite often, people who are introverts are inclined to take online courses. If you are one of such people, do not be afraid to ask for advice since communication online from the comfort of your own home might not be as daunting as dealing with people face-to-face. One should remember that in order to take the most out of online writing course, you need to be organized. You need to make sure that you are disciplined enough to finish what you have started. We hope that our tips can help you reach your goals and make the whole online studying process productive, effective and, most importantly, enjoyable.

Why Duke Sample Essay Talk.College Confidential.com?

Why Duke Sample Essay Talk.College Confidential.com?Students who have taken a job interview may be wondering why Duke Sample Essay Talk.College Confidential.com. In this article, I will explain why this is a good service for students and give you some tips on how to effectively use it. As a writer, I was surprised by how useful the website is. As a parent, it seems to me that this site should be considered, if only to help kids learn.One way that the website can help you is through your Yahoo Answers accounts. Yahoo Answers is an online community that has questions and answers forums for a wide variety of topics. One question that I frequently ask students who are interviewed is what a sample essay talk. College Confidential.com. It's a question that I don't often get right, but it turns out that it's one that you might find the answer to.Recently, a student shared this with me: 'I was talking to someone today who asked why a Duke sample essay talk. College Confidential.com.' Since I didn't know the person, I asked her for the link. She gave me the address, and I used it to search for information about this site. What I found was fascinating. The site tells readers what you should include in your resume, with the various ways you can use it to land your dream job.Many people think that you shouldn't bother writing the resume because it will be rejected, but that's not always true. At least, if you are able to follow the tips on the website, chances are that the employer will see that you are serious about making it in the field of education and not just trying to find a job that pays your bills.And how can a resume 'cover' itself if it doesn't explain how you want to be perceived? What if a potential employer reads your resume and then sees your English grammar or your body language, and believes that you would rather just send it back? Is that what the resume is for? The solution is to include tips on why a sample essay talk. College Confidential.com.My sugges tion is to include tips on how you think you will look in an interview. You may just want to answer why a Duke sample essay talk. College Confidential.com. You will find them when you go to the site.After reading this article, you may have another good reason to consider using this site. Just keep in mind that the information you need will be useful to you no matter where you land on the employment ladder.

How to Pronounce the French Adverb Plus

How to Pronounce the French Adverb Plus The French adverb  plus  has different pronunciations, depending on how its used. Generally speaking, when  plus  has a positive meaning (e.g., more, extra, additional) it is pronounced [ploos]. When it is used as a negative adverb (meaning no more), it is usually pronounced [ploo]. A simple way to remember this is by thinking that the positive sense of the word has an extra sound, while the negative sense does not. In other words, the [s] sound is  subtracted  when the word has a  negative  meaning and  added  when it has a  positive  meaning. (Clever, right?)   This general pronunciation rule applies to  plus  when its used as an affirmative or negative adverb. When used as a comparative or superlative, the rules are somewhat different. Affirmative Adverb  [ploos] In the affirmative, Plus de means more (than) or additional Je veux plus de beurre.  I want more butter.Il y aura plus de choix demain.  There will be additional choices tomorrow.Jai plus de 1 000 livres.  I have more than 1,000 books. Negative Adverb  [ploo] On the other hand, in the negative, Ne ... plus  is a negative adverb, meaning no more or not any more Je ne le veux plus.  I dont want it anymore.   Je ne veux plus de beurre.   I dont want any more butter.   Plus de beurre, merci.** No more butter, thank you. Non plus  means neither or not ... either Je naime pas les pommes non plus.   I dont like apples either. - Je nai pas de montre.- Moi non plus  !      Ã‚  - Me neither! Ne ... plus que  means only or nothing more than Il ny a plus que miettes.   There are only crumbs (left). - Y a-t-il des pommes  ?  -Are there any apples?- Plus quune.**    - Only one Ne ... pas plus  means no more than (pretty much the same thing as  ne ... plus que) Il ny a pas plus de 3 mà ©decins.   There are no more than 3 doctors. - Puis-je emprunter un stylo  ? - Can I borrow a pen?- Je nen ai pas plus dun.      -I only have one. **Note:  There are a few expressions in which  plus  is negative without  ne, because there is no verb for  ne  to negate. Note that these are normally at the beginning of a clause: Plus besoin (de)  - (theres) no more need (to/of)Plus de   noun - (theres) no more nounPlus maintenant  - not any more, not any longerPlus que   noun - (there are) only ___ more In addition, the  ne  is often omitted in spoken, informal French (learn more). This is when pronouncing or not pronouncing the [s] is most important. If you say  Je veux plus [ploo] de beurre, someone may very well think you mean you dont want any more butter. This is actually how you can learn the difference between the two pronunciations. You are eating breakfast and ask,  Y a-t-il plus [ploo] de beurre  ?  and the woman replies,  Mais si, si  !  (yes in response to a  negative question). You should have asked  Y a-t-il plus [ploos] de beurre? Comparative/Superlative Adverb Plus  as a comparative or superlative adverb is the exception to the above rules. When the comparative or superlative  plus  is in the middle of a sentence, it is pronounced [ploo], unless it precedes a vowel, in which case the  liaison  causes it to be pronounced [plooz]. When  plus  is at the end of a sentence, as in the final example, it is pronounced [ploos]. Plus ... que  or  plus ... de  indicates superiority in  comparatives  and can compare   adjectives   Je suis plus  grand  quelle.  Im taller than she is. adverbs   Je cours plus  vite  quelle.   I run faster than she does. nouns   Jai plus damis  quelle.   I have more friends than she does. verbs   Je  cours  plus quelle.  I run more than she does. Le plus  or  le plus de  indicates superiority in  superlatives  and can compare adjectives   Je suis le plus  grand  Ãƒ ©tudiant.  Im the tallest student. adverbs   Je cours le plus  vite.   I run the fastest. nouns   Jai le plus damis.   I have the most friends. verbs   Je  cours  le plus.   I run the most.